How do different types of mycorrhizal fungi function in plant nutrient uptake?

Mycorrhizal fungi form symbiotic relationships with plants, aiding in nutrient uptake through various mechanisms.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) penetrate the root cells of plants, forming arbuscules which increase the surface area for nutrient exchange. The fungi also produce enzymes that break down organic matter, releasing nutrients for the plant. In return, the plant provides the fungi with carbohydrates.

Ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) form a sheath around the root tip, extending into the soil to access nutrients. They also produce enzymes to break down organic matter and can form mutualistic relationships with other soil microorganisms. The plant provides the fungi with carbohydrates in exchange for nutrients.

Orchid mycorrhizal fungi (OMF) are highly specific and form symbiotic relationships with orchids. They aid in nutrient uptake by breaking down complex organic matter and producing enzymes to release nutrients. The fungi also help orchids to germinate and establish by providing necessary nutrients.

Ericoid mycorrhizal fungi (ERMF) form symbiotic relationships with plants in acidic soils, such as heathlands. They aid in nutrient uptake by producing enzymes to break down organic matter and accessing nutrients in the soil. The plant provides the fungi with carbohydrates in exchange for nutrients.

In conclusion, mycorrhizal fungi aid in plant nutrient uptake through various mechanisms, including increasing surface area for nutrient exchange, producing enzymes to break down organic matter, and forming mutualistic relationships with other soil microorganisms. Different types of mycorrhizal fungi have specific adaptations to aid in nutrient uptake in different environments.