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Transition elements can exhibit sp, sp² and sp³ hybridization in their compounds.
Transition elements are known for their ability to form a variety of complex compounds due to their partially filled d-orbitals. Hybridization is the mixing of atomic orbitals to form new hybrid orbitals that are involved in bonding. In sp hybridization, one s and one p orbital combine to form two sp hybrid orbitals. This is seen in compounds such as [Ni(CO)₄], where nickel has sp hybridization and a linear geometry.
In sp² hybridization, one s and two p orbitals combine to form three sp² hybrid orbitals. This is seen in compounds such as [Fe(CN)₆]³⁻, where iron has sp² hybridization and a octahedral geometry. The remaining p orbital is used to form a π bond with the ligands.
In sp³ hybridization, one s and three p orbitals combine to form four sp³ hybrid orbitals. This is seen in compounds such as [Co(NH₃)₆]³⁺, where cobalt has sp³ hybridization and a octahedral geometry. The remaining p orbital is used to form a π bond with the ligands.
In conclusion, transition elements can exhibit sp, sp² and sp³ hybridization in their compounds, allowing for a wide range of geometries and bonding arrangements.
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