What are the characteristics of tundra ecosystems?

Tundra ecosystems are cold, treeless regions with low biodiversity, short growing seasons, and permafrost.

Tundra ecosystems are primarily found in the Arctic and Antarctic regions, as well as at high altitudes on mountains. These areas are characterised by extremely low temperatures, often dropping below -30°C in winter. The growing season is very short, typically lasting only 50 to 60 days, which limits the types of plants that can survive there. The vegetation mainly consists of mosses, lichens, grasses, and small shrubs. Trees are almost entirely absent due to the harsh conditions.

One of the most defining features of tundra ecosystems is permafrost, a layer of soil that remains frozen throughout the year. This permafrost can be just a few centimetres below the surface or extend hundreds of metres deep. During the brief summer, only the top layer of soil thaws, creating a soggy, waterlogged surface. This makes it difficult for deep-rooted plants to grow and also affects the types of animals that can live there.

Despite the harsh conditions, tundra ecosystems support a variety of wildlife. Common animals include caribou, Arctic foxes, and polar bears in the Arctic tundra, and penguins and seals in the Antarctic tundra. These animals have adapted to the cold environment in various ways, such as having thick fur or blubber for insulation.

The low biodiversity in tundra ecosystems means that they are particularly vulnerable to changes. Climate change is a significant threat, as rising temperatures can lead to the melting of permafrost, which in turn can release large amounts of greenhouse gases like methane into the atmosphere. This creates a feedback loop that can further accelerate global warming.

In summary, tundra ecosystems are unique and fragile environments characterised by extreme cold, low biodiversity, and the presence of permafrost. They play a crucial role in the Earth's climate system and are home to specially adapted plants and animals.