How are fungi used in the production of antibiotics?

Fungi are used in the production of antibiotics by being cultured and their metabolic products extracted and purified.

Fungi, particularly the Penicillium and Cephalosporium species, play a crucial role in the production of antibiotics. These organisms are cultured under controlled conditions, where they produce metabolic products that have antibiotic properties. These products are then extracted, purified, and processed into antibiotic drugs.

The process begins with the selection of a suitable fungal strain. The strain is chosen based on its ability to produce a specific antibiotic, such as penicillin or cephalosporin. The selected strain is then cultured in a nutrient-rich medium that promotes its growth and the production of the desired antibiotic. The culture conditions, including temperature, pH, and nutrient composition, are carefully controlled to optimise the production of the antibiotic.

Once the fungi have grown and produced the antibiotic, the next step is extraction. This involves separating the antibiotic from the fungal cells and the culture medium. The extraction process typically involves filtration and centrifugation, which separate the solid fungal cells from the liquid culture medium. The antibiotic, which is dissolved in the liquid medium, is then purified using various chemical processes.

The purified antibiotic is then processed into a form that can be used as a drug. This may involve further purification, concentration, and the addition of other substances to create a stable and effective drug product. The final product is then tested for its antibiotic activity, safety, and quality before it is approved for use.

In summary, fungi are essential in the production of antibiotics. They are cultured under controlled conditions, where they produce the antibiotic as a metabolic product. This product is then extracted, purified, and processed into a drug. This process has enabled the production of many important antibiotics, including penicillin and cephalosporin, which have saved countless lives since their discovery.