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How do autotrophs and heterotrophs differ in their metabolic processes?

Autotrophs produce their own food through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis, while heterotrophs obtain energy by consuming other organisms.

Autotrophs and heterotrophs are two types of organisms that differ significantly in their metabolic processes. Autotrophs, also known as producers, are capable of producing their own food. They do this through a process called photosynthesis, where they convert light energy, usually from the sun, into chemical energy in the form of glucose. Some autotrophs, particularly those in extreme environments, use a process called chemosynthesis, where they convert inorganic substances into organic matter.

Photosynthesis primarily occurs in plants, algae, and some bacteria. It involves the use of sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce glucose and oxygen. The process takes place in the chloroplasts of plant cells, where light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll, a green pigment. This energy is then used to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose, which is used for growth and repair, and oxygen, which is released into the atmosphere.

Chemosynthesis, on the other hand, is used by certain bacteria and archaea that live in environments where sunlight is not available, such as deep-sea vents. These organisms use the energy derived from the oxidation of inorganic chemicals, such as hydrogen sulphide or ammonia, to synthesise organic compounds from carbon dioxide or methane.

Heterotrophs, also known as consumers, cannot produce their own food. They obtain energy by consuming other organisms, either autotrophs or other heterotrophs. This includes animals, fungi, and most bacteria. Heterotrophs break down complex organic compounds in the organisms they consume into simpler compounds through a process called cellular respiration. This process, which occurs in the mitochondria of cells, involves the breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen to produce carbon dioxide, water, and energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate).

In summary, the main difference between autotrophs and heterotrophs lies in their energy acquisition. Autotrophs are self-sustaining, producing their own food through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis, while heterotrophs rely on other organisms for their energy needs, obtaining it through the process of cellular respiration.

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