How do hormones regulate glucose levels in the body?

Hormones regulate glucose levels in the body primarily through the actions of insulin and glucagon.

Insulin and glucagon are two hormones produced by the pancreas that play a crucial role in maintaining normal blood glucose levels. Both hormones work in balance to ensure that cells receive the right amount of glucose to meet their energy needs.

Insulin is released when blood glucose levels are high, such as after a meal. It promotes the uptake of glucose into cells, particularly muscle and fat cells, for use as energy. Insulin also stimulates the liver to convert excess glucose into glycogen for storage. This process reduces the amount of glucose in the bloodstream, bringing it back to normal levels.

On the other hand, glucagon acts when blood glucose levels are low, such as during fasting or between meals. It stimulates the liver to convert stored glycogen back into glucose, which is then released into the bloodstream. This process increases blood glucose levels, ensuring that cells have a steady supply of energy even when dietary glucose is not available.

In addition to insulin and glucagon, other hormones also help regulate blood glucose levels. For example, the stress hormone cortisol increases blood glucose levels by stimulating glucose production in the liver and reducing glucose uptake in peripheral tissues. Similarly, the growth hormone also raises blood glucose levels by decreasing glucose uptake in cells and increasing glucose production in the liver.

In summary, hormones regulate glucose levels in the body by controlling the production, storage, and uptake of glucose. Insulin and glucagon play the primary roles in this process, with other hormones like cortisol and growth hormone providing additional regulation. This complex hormonal interplay ensures that blood glucose levels remain within a narrow range, providing cells with a steady supply of energy while preventing the harmful effects of excessively high or low blood glucose levels.