How do synapses transmit information between neurons?

Synapses transmit information between neurons through chemical signals called neurotransmitters.

Synapses are the tiny gaps between neurons where communication occurs. They are crucial for the transmission of information within the nervous system. The process begins when an electrical signal, known as an action potential, travels down the axon of the neuron. When this signal reaches the end of the neuron, it triggers the release of neurotransmitters. These are chemical messengers that are stored in small sacs called vesicles.

The neurotransmitters cross the synaptic gap and bind to specific receptors on the receiving neuron. This binding can either stimulate or inhibit the generation of a new action potential in the receiving neuron, depending on the type of neurotransmitter and receptor involved. This is how neurons communicate and transmit information.

The process is not one-way, however. Once the neurotransmitters have done their job, they are either broken down by enzymes or reabsorbed by the neuron that released them, in a process known as reuptake. This ensures that the synapse is ready to transmit another signal when needed.

The strength of synaptic connections can change over time, in response to increases or decreases in activity. This is known as synaptic plasticity, and it's thought to be the basis of learning and memory. For example, if two neurons are often activated at the same time, the synapse between them may strengthen, making future communication between them more efficient. This is often summarised by the phrase "neurons that fire together, wire together".

In summary, synapses transmit information between neurons through a complex process involving electrical signals, neurotransmitters, and receptor binding. This process is dynamic and can change over time, allowing the nervous system to adapt and learn.