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Biotechnology is applied in the production of vitamins and amino acids through the use of genetically modified microorganisms.
In more detail, biotechnology, specifically genetic engineering, plays a crucial role in the production of vitamins and amino acids. This is achieved by modifying the genetic material of microorganisms, such as bacteria and yeast, to produce these essential nutrients. The process involves the introduction of specific genes into the DNA of these microorganisms, which then instruct them to synthesise the desired vitamins or amino acids.
For instance, the production of vitamin B2 (riboflavin) is often carried out using genetically modified strains of the bacterium Bacillus subtilis. The bacteria are engineered to overproduce the enzymes necessary for the biosynthesis of riboflavin. Once the bacteria have produced the vitamin, it is then extracted and purified for use in supplements and fortified foods.
Similarly, the production of amino acids, such as lysine and tryptophan, also utilises genetically modified bacteria. The bacteria are engineered to overproduce these amino acids, which are then harvested and used in a variety of applications, including dietary supplements and animal feed. For example, Corynebacterium glutamicum is a bacterium that is commonly used in the biotechnological production of the amino acid lysine.
The use of biotechnology in the production of vitamins and amino acids offers several advantages. It allows for the production of these nutrients on a large scale and in a more controlled and predictable manner. Additionally, it can be more cost-effective and environmentally friendly compared to traditional methods of production, such as chemical synthesis or extraction from natural sources.
However, it's important to note that the use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in the production of vitamins and amino acids is not without controversy. Concerns have been raised about the potential risks associated with the use of GMOs, including the possibility of unintended effects on human health and the environment. Therefore, the use of biotechnology in this context is subject to strict regulation and oversight to ensure its safety and efficacy.
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