How is biotechnology applied in the treatment of wastewater?

Biotechnology is applied in wastewater treatment through the use of microorganisms to break down and remove pollutants.

Biotechnology, specifically microbial biotechnology, plays a crucial role in the treatment of wastewater. This process involves the use of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, and algae to break down and remove pollutants from wastewater. These microorganisms are capable of metabolising a wide range of organic and inorganic compounds, making them highly effective in treating wastewater.

The process begins with the collection of wastewater, which is then subjected to primary treatment to remove large solids and grit. The wastewater is then moved to a secondary treatment stage, where biotechnology comes into play. In this stage, the wastewater is mixed with a community of microorganisms in a process known as activated sludge treatment. These microorganisms feed on the organic matter in the wastewater, breaking it down into simpler substances. This process not only removes harmful pollutants but also reduces the biological oxygen demand (BOD) of the wastewater, which is a measure of the amount of oxygen needed by aerobic microorganisms to decompose the organic matter in the water.

In addition to the activated sludge process, there are other biotechnological methods used in wastewater treatment. These include the trickling filter process, where wastewater is passed over a bed of rocks or plastic media, allowing microorganisms to form a biofilm and break down the pollutants. Another method is the rotating biological contactor, where wastewater is spread over rotating discs covered in microorganisms.

Furthermore, biotechnology is also used in the tertiary treatment of wastewater. This stage involves the removal of nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus, which can cause eutrophication if released into bodies of water. Specific bacteria are used to convert these nutrients into less harmful forms that can be safely released into the environment.

In conclusion, biotechnology, through the use of microorganisms, provides an efficient and environmentally friendly method for treating wastewater. It allows for the removal of harmful pollutants and the reduction of BOD, thereby preventing environmental damage and ensuring the safety of water resources.