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What biotechnological techniques are used in organ transplantation?

Biotechnological techniques used in organ transplantation include tissue typing, organ preservation, and genetic engineering.

Tissue typing, also known as HLA typing, is a crucial biotechnological technique used in organ transplantation. It involves identifying the human leukocyte antigens (HLA) in the patient's and donor's tissues. These antigens are proteins found on the surface of most cells in the body and play a vital role in the immune system's recognition of self and non-self cells. By matching the HLA types of the donor and recipient as closely as possible, the risk of organ rejection is significantly reduced.

Another important technique is organ preservation. Once an organ has been removed from the donor, it must be preserved until it can be transplanted into the recipient. This is typically achieved through cold storage, where the organ is kept at low temperatures in a special solution to slow down metabolic processes and minimise damage. However, new biotechnological advances are leading to the development of machine perfusion techniques, which can keep organs viable for longer by circulating oxygenated blood or preservation solution through them.

Genetic engineering is also being explored as a potential technique in organ transplantation. This involves modifying the genes of donor organs to make them more compatible with the recipient's immune system, reducing the risk of rejection. For example, pigs are being genetically engineered to produce organs that can be transplanted into humans, a process known as xenotransplantation. This could potentially solve the problem of organ shortage, which is a major issue in transplantation medicine.

In addition, biotechnology is being used to develop lab-grown organs, or organoids, from stem cells. These organoids can be grown to match the patient's own cells, eliminating the risk of rejection. While this technique is still in its early stages, it holds great promise for the future of organ transplantation.

In conclusion, biotechnological techniques play a crucial role in organ transplantation, from matching donor and recipient tissues to preserving organs and potentially even growing new ones in the lab. These advances are helping to improve the success rate of transplants and offer hope to patients in need of a new organ.

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