What techniques are used to apply standard algorithms in program design?

Standard algorithms are applied in program design using techniques such as pseudocode, flowcharts, and top-down design.

Pseudocode is a technique that involves writing down the algorithm in a way that resembles the final code but is simpler and more human-readable. It is a detailed yet readable description of what a computer program or algorithm must do, expressed in a formally-styled natural language rather than in a programming language. Pseudocode is used to design and represent the algorithm in a way that is easier for humans to understand. It helps the programmer to plan the logic of the algorithm before the actual coding begins.

Flowcharts are another technique used to apply standard algorithms in program design. A flowchart is a type of diagram that represents an algorithm, workflow or process, showing the steps as boxes of various kinds, and their order by connecting them with arrows. This diagrammatic representation illustrates a solution model to a given problem. Flowcharts are used in analysing, designing, documenting or managing a process or program in various fields, including computer science. They provide a visual representation of the algorithm, making it easier to understand and follow.

Top-down design, also known as stepwise design, is another technique used in program design. It involves breaking down a system to gain insight into its compositional sub-systems in a recursive manner. In a top-down approach an overview of the system is formulated, specifying, but not detailing, any first-level subsystems. Each subsystem is then refined in yet greater detail, sometimes in many additional subsystem levels, until the entire specification is reduced to base elements. This approach helps in reducing complexity by breaking the algorithm into smaller, more manageable parts.

In conclusion, pseudocode, flowcharts, and top-down design are key techniques used to apply standard algorithms in program design. They help in understanding, visualising, and managing the algorithm, making the process of program design more efficient and effective.