What techniques are used to protect sensitive data in databases?

Sensitive data in databases is protected using techniques such as encryption, access control, data masking, and regular security audits.

Encryption is a key technique used to protect sensitive data. It involves converting the data into a code that can only be deciphered with a decryption key. This means that even if an unauthorised person gains access to the database, they will not be able to understand the data without the decryption key. There are two main types of encryption: symmetric encryption, where the same key is used to encrypt and decrypt the data, and asymmetric encryption, where two different keys are used - a public key to encrypt the data and a private key to decrypt it.

Access control is another important technique. This involves setting up user accounts and permissions to ensure that only authorised individuals can access the database. Access control can be fine-tuned to allow different levels of access to different users. For example, some users may only be able to view the data, while others can edit or delete it. This helps to minimise the risk of data being tampered with or stolen.

Data masking is a technique that involves hiding certain parts of the data. This is often used when non-production users, such as developers or testers, need access to the database. The sensitive data is replaced with fictional but realistic data, allowing these users to carry out their work without having access to the real data.

Regular security audits are also crucial for protecting sensitive data. These involve checking the database for vulnerabilities and ensuring that all security measures are working effectively. Security audits can help to identify potential threats and weaknesses, allowing them to be addressed before they can be exploited.

In addition to these techniques, it's also important to keep the database software up to date. Software updates often include security patches to fix vulnerabilities that have been discovered. By keeping the software up to date, you can ensure that your database is protected against the latest threats.