What are the risks associated with prolonged exposure to UV-B radiation?

Prolonged exposure to UV-B radiation can lead to skin cancer, cataracts, immune system suppression, and premature ageing.

UV-B radiation is a type of ultraviolet light that is part of the sun's rays. It is more biologically active than UV-A radiation and can penetrate the skin's superficial layers, causing damage to the cells. One of the most significant risks associated with prolonged exposure to UV-B radiation is the development of skin cancer. This is because UV-B radiation can cause direct DNA damage, leading to mutations that can result in cancerous growths. Both non-melanoma and melanoma skin cancers have been linked to exposure to UV-B radiation.

Another risk is the development of cataracts, a clouding of the lens in the eye that can lead to vision loss. UV-B radiation can damage the proteins in the lens, causing them to clump together and form a cataract. This is a particular concern for people who spend a lot of time outdoors without adequate eye protection.

UV-B radiation can also suppress the immune system, making the body more susceptible to infections and diseases. This is because UV-B radiation can alter the activity and distribution of cells responsible for triggering immune responses. This can have a wide range of health implications, from increased susceptibility to common colds and flu, to a higher risk of more serious conditions such as autoimmune diseases and cancer.

Lastly, prolonged exposure to UV-B radiation can lead to premature ageing of the skin. UV-B radiation can break down collagen, a protein that gives the skin its elasticity and firmness. This can lead to wrinkles, age spots, and a leathery texture. It's important to note that while some UV exposure is necessary for vitamin D synthesis, excessive exposure can have harmful effects. Therefore, it's crucial to balance the need for sun exposure with the risks associated with UV-B radiation, by using sun protection measures such as sunscreen, clothing, and sunglasses.