Why are hot arid environments typically found at specific latitudes?

Hot arid environments are typically found at specific latitudes due to the global atmospheric circulation patterns.

The Earth's atmospheric circulation patterns play a significant role in determining the climate of different regions. These patterns are driven by the uneven heating of the Earth's surface by the sun, which creates three main circulation cells in each hemisphere: the Hadley cell, the Ferrel cell, and the Polar cell. The Hadley cell, located between the equator and about 30 degrees latitude, is particularly important for the creation of hot arid environments.

Hot arid environments, also known as deserts, are typically found in the subtropical high-pressure zones, which are located around 30 degrees north and south of the equator. These zones are characterised by descending air from the Hadley cell, which creates high pressure. As the air descends, it warms and its capacity to hold moisture increases, leading to low humidity and little rainfall. This results in the hot, dry conditions typical of desert environments.

In addition to the atmospheric circulation patterns, the presence of mountain ranges can also contribute to the creation of hot arid environments. This is due to a phenomenon known as rain shadow, where mountains block the passage of moist air, causing it to rise and cool, and leading to precipitation on the windward side of the mountain. The leeward side of the mountain, in contrast, receives very little rainfall, creating a 'shadow' of dry conditions that can contribute to the formation of a desert.

Furthermore, the distribution of ocean currents can also influence the location of hot arid environments. Cold ocean currents, such as the Benguela Current off the west coast of Southern Africa, can lead to the creation of deserts. This is because the cold water cools the air above it, reducing its ability to hold moisture and leading to less rainfall on the adjacent land.

In conclusion, the location of hot arid environments at specific latitudes is primarily determined by global atmospheric circulation patterns, but can also be influenced by geographical features such as mountains and ocean currents.