How do enzymes differ from non-biological catalysts?

Enzymes differ from non-biological catalysts as they are proteins that speed up biochemical reactions in living organisms.

Enzymes are a type of protein that are found in all living cells. They are biological catalysts, which means they speed up biochemical reactions in the body. Unlike non-biological catalysts, enzymes are highly specific, meaning they only catalyse one type of reaction. This specificity is due to their unique three-dimensional structure, which allows them to bind to specific substrates (the molecules they act upon) in a 'lock and key' manner.

Non-biological catalysts, on the other hand, are typically inorganic substances like metals or metal oxides. They are used in a wide range of industrial processes, such as the manufacture of ammonia or the cracking of hydrocarbons in the petroleum industry. Non-biological catalysts are not specific; they can catalyse a wide range of reactions. They work by providing an alternative reaction pathway with a lower activation energy, which allows the reaction to proceed more quickly.

Another key difference between enzymes and non-biological catalysts is their operating conditions. Enzymes typically work best at specific temperatures and pH levels, which are usually those found in the body. If the temperature or pH is too high or too low, the enzyme can denature, or lose its shape, and stop working. Non-biological catalysts, however, can often operate under a much wider range of conditions, including high temperatures and pressures.

Lastly, enzymes are biodegradable and can be broken down by the body, whereas non-biological catalysts are not. This means that enzymes do not accumulate in the environment, while non-biological catalysts can, potentially leading to pollution. This is one reason why there is interest in using enzymes, or other biological catalysts, in industrial processes as a more sustainable alternative to non-biological catalysts.