How do enzymes in washing powders break down stains?

Enzymes in washing powders break down stains by catalysing the chemical reactions that degrade the stain molecules.

Enzymes are biological catalysts, which means they speed up chemical reactions without being used up in the process. In washing powders, they are used to break down the complex molecules that make up stains, turning them into simpler substances that can be easily washed away. This process is known as enzymatic hydrolysis.

Different types of enzymes are used to tackle different types of stains. Proteases, for example, are used to break down protein-based stains such as blood, egg, and sweat. They do this by breaking the peptide bonds that hold the protein molecules together. Lipases, on the other hand, are used to break down fat-based stains. They work by breaking the ester bonds in fat molecules, turning them into simpler substances like glycerol and fatty acids.

Amylases are used to break down starch-based stains. Starch is a complex carbohydrate made up of many glucose units linked together. Amylases break these links, turning the starch into simpler sugars that can be easily washed away. Cellulases are used to remove tiny fibres that stick up from the surface of fabrics, making them look dull. They do this by breaking down the cellulose in these fibres.

The enzymes in washing powders are typically stable at high temperatures and a wide range of pH levels, which means they can work effectively in the various conditions found in washing machines. They are also specific in their action, which means they only break down the types of stains they are designed to tackle, without damaging the fabric of the clothes.

In summary, enzymes in washing powders play a crucial role in stain removal. They work by catalysing the chemical reactions that break down the complex molecules in stains, turning them into simpler substances that can be easily washed away.