What are the effects of particulate matter in air pollution?

Particulate matter in air pollution can cause respiratory issues, heart disease, and environmental damage.

Particulate matter (PM) is a term used to describe the mixture of solid particles and liquid droplets found in the air. These particles can be made up of a variety of components including acids, organic chemicals, metals, soil or dust particles, and allergens. The size of these particles can vary greatly, but it is the smaller particles, those less than 10 micrometres in diameter, that are of most concern as they can be inhaled deep into the lungs.

When inhaled, these particles can cause a range of health issues. They can irritate the airways and lungs leading to increased coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, and exacerbation of asthma symptoms. Long-term exposure can lead to more serious conditions such as heart disease, lung cancer, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The elderly, children, and those with pre-existing health conditions are particularly vulnerable to the effects of particulate matter.

In addition to the health impacts, particulate matter can also have significant environmental effects. When deposited onto the ground, these particles can change the nutrient balance in soils and bodies of water, affecting plant and animal life. They can also contribute to the acidification of lakes and streams. Furthermore, particulate matter plays a role in climate change. Some particles, such as black carbon, absorb sunlight and heat the atmosphere, while others can reflect sunlight back into space and cool the atmosphere.

In summary, particulate matter in air pollution poses a significant threat to both human health and the environment. It is therefore crucial to monitor and control the levels of particulate matter in the air to minimise these impacts.