What are the functions of different types of neurones?

Neurones, or nerve cells, function to transmit information throughout the body via electrical and chemical signals.

Neurones are specialised cells that are fundamental to the functioning of the nervous system. They are categorised into three main types: sensory neurones, motor neurones, and interneurones, each with distinct functions.

Sensory neurones, also known as afferent neurones, are responsible for converting external stimuli from the environment into internal electrical impulses. For instance, they can detect changes in temperature, light, and sound, and transmit this information to the central nervous system (CNS), which comprises the brain and spinal cord. This allows the body to react and adapt to its surroundings.

Motor neurones, or efferent neurones, carry signals away from the CNS to effectors such as muscles or glands, triggering a response. For example, if you touch a hot surface, sensory neurones send a signal to your brain, which then sends a signal via motor neurones to your muscles, causing you to withdraw your hand. This demonstrates how motor neurones play a crucial role in movement and action.

Interneurones, also known as relay neurones, connect sensory and motor neurones within the CNS, forming a link between the input (sensory neurones) and output (motor neurones). They process the information received from sensory neurones and determine the appropriate response, which is then carried out by motor neurones. Interneurones are essential for higher functions such as thinking and learning.

In summary, neurones are vital for communication within the body. Sensory neurones detect changes in the environment and send this information to the CNS. Interneurones process this information and determine the response, which is then carried out by motor neurones.