What are the signs of protein-energy malnutrition?

Signs of protein-energy malnutrition include weight loss, muscle wasting, weakened immunity, and developmental delays in children.

Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) is a serious health condition that occurs when a person's diet lacks sufficient protein and energy-providing nutrients. This condition is most common in developing countries where food scarcity and poor diet are prevalent, but it can also occur in developed countries due to illness or poor diet.

The most immediate and noticeable sign of PEM is weight loss. This is because the body starts to use its own tissues, particularly muscle tissue, to provide the energy it needs when dietary intake is insufficient. This leads to muscle wasting, another key sign of PEM. The individual may appear thin and weak, with a noticeable loss of muscle mass.

Another sign of PEM is a weakened immune system. Proteins play a crucial role in the immune response, and a lack of protein can lead to a reduced ability to fight off infections. This can result in frequent illnesses, slow healing of wounds, and in severe cases, life-threatening infections.

In children, PEM can lead to developmental delays. This is because proteins are essential for growth and development. A child with PEM may be shorter than average, have a lower weight for their age, and may experience delays in reaching developmental milestones. In severe cases, PEM can lead to a condition known as kwashiorkor, characterised by a swollen belly, changes in skin and hair colour, and severe growth retardation.

It's important to note that these signs can also be indicative of other health conditions, so a proper diagnosis by a healthcare professional is essential. Treatment for PEM typically involves a diet high in protein and energy-providing nutrients, and in severe cases, hospitalisation may be required.