What factors influence seed formation in plants?

Seed formation in plants is influenced by factors such as pollination, fertilisation, environmental conditions, and genetic factors.

Pollination is a crucial factor in seed formation. It is the transfer of pollen from the male anther of a flower to the female stigma. This process can be facilitated by wind, water, or animals. The success of pollination can significantly influence the number and quality of seeds produced. For instance, cross-pollination, which involves the transfer of pollen from one plant to another, often results in seeds with greater genetic diversity and resilience.

Fertilisation is another key factor. After successful pollination, the pollen grain germinates on the stigma and grows a pollen tube down to the ovule, where it delivers two sperm cells. One sperm cell fertilises the egg cell to form a zygote, which develops into an embryo, while the other sperm cell fuses with two polar nuclei to form the endosperm, a nutrient-rich tissue that nourishes the developing embryo. Any disruption in this process can affect seed formation.

Environmental conditions such as temperature, light, and moisture also play a significant role in seed formation. Optimal conditions can enhance both the process of pollination and the subsequent growth and development of the embryo and endosperm. For example, certain plants require specific light conditions for successful pollination, while others may need particular temperature ranges for optimal growth.

Lastly, genetic factors can influence seed formation. The genetic makeup of a plant determines its reproductive characteristics, including the number and type of flowers it produces, its pollination mechanisms, and its seed production capabilities. Genetic mutations can also occur, leading to variations in these characteristics and potentially affecting seed formation. For instance, a mutation that results in a plant producing fewer flowers could reduce its overall seed production.