What are the common properties of transition metals?

Transition metals are characterised by their high melting points, high densities, multiple oxidation states, and ability to form coloured compounds.

Transition metals, also known as d-block elements, are found in the middle of the periodic table. They are unique in their physical and chemical properties, which set them apart from other elements. One of the most noticeable properties of transition metals is their high melting points and high densities. This is due to the strong metallic bonding caused by the delocalised electrons in the 'd' orbitals. These properties make transition metals ideal for use in construction and manufacturing.

Another key property of transition metals is their ability to exist in multiple oxidation states. This is because the electrons in the 'd' orbitals can be easily removed to form positive ions. For example, iron can exist in both +2 and +3 oxidation states, which is why it can form both Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions. This property allows transition metals to participate in a wide range of chemical reactions and makes them excellent catalysts.

Transition metals are also known for their ability to form coloured compounds. This is due to the presence of partially filled 'd' orbitals, which can absorb certain wavelengths of light and reflect others, resulting in the perception of colour. For instance, copper sulphate is a bright blue compound, while potassium permanganate is a deep purple. This property is particularly useful in analytical chemistry, as it allows for the identification of different transition metals.

In addition, many transition metals are good conductors of heat and electricity. This is because the delocalised electrons in the 'd' orbitals can move freely, allowing for the transfer of energy. This makes transition metals like copper and silver ideal for use in electrical wiring and heat exchangers.