What is the ecological impact of nitrogen-rich fertilisers?

Nitrogen-rich fertilisers can cause water pollution, soil acidification, and harm to biodiversity.

Nitrogen-rich fertilisers are widely used in agriculture to enhance plant growth and increase crop yields. However, their use can have significant ecological impacts. One of the primary concerns is water pollution. When these fertilisers are applied to farmland, the excess nitrogen not absorbed by the plants can leach into groundwater or run off into nearby rivers and lakes. This can lead to a process called eutrophication, where the high levels of nutrients cause an overgrowth of algae and other aquatic plants. When these plants die and decompose, they consume large amounts of oxygen, creating 'dead zones' where other aquatic life cannot survive.

Another impact of nitrogen-rich fertilisers is soil acidification. The nitrogen in these fertilisers can react with water to form nitric acid, which can lower the pH of the soil, making it more acidic. This can harm certain types of plants and soil organisms, disrupting the balance of the ecosystem. Acidic soils can also leach essential nutrients, making it harder for plants to grow.

Furthermore, the use of nitrogen-rich fertilisers can harm biodiversity. The high levels of nitrogen can favour certain species of plants that are able to utilise the nutrient more efficiently, leading to a decrease in plant diversity. This can have a knock-on effect on the rest of the ecosystem, as other organisms that rely on a variety of plants for food and habitat may struggle to survive.

In conclusion, while nitrogen-rich fertilisers can boost agricultural productivity, their use can also lead to water pollution, soil acidification, and a loss of biodiversity. It's important to manage their use carefully to minimise these ecological impacts.