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Absolute zero is the lowest possible temperature where all molecular motion stops.
In more detail, absolute zero is a key concept in thermodynamics and is considered the starting point of all temperature scales. It is defined as 0 Kelvin (K), -273.15 degrees Celsius (°C), or -459.67 degrees Fahrenheit (°F). At this temperature, it is believed that all molecular and atomic movement ceases, meaning that there is no heat energy or thermal motion.
The concept of absolute zero is based on the laws of thermodynamics. The third law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of a perfect crystal at absolute zero is exactly equal to zero. Entropy is a measure of the disorder or randomness in a system. At absolute zero, a system is in its ground state, which means it is perfectly ordered and has minimum energy.
Absolute zero is significant in several ways. Firstly, it provides a baseline for temperature scales. The Kelvin scale, for instance, is an absolute temperature scale based on absolute zero. Secondly, it helps in understanding the behaviour of gases. According to the ideal gas law, the volume of a gas becomes zero at absolute zero, assuming constant pressure. Lastly, it is crucial in the study of phenomena such as superconductivity and superfluidity, which occur near absolute zero.
However, it's important to note that reaching absolute zero is theoretically impossible. This is due to the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle, which states that it is impossible to simultaneously know the exact position and momentum of a particle. If all motion stopped at absolute zero, we would know both the position (at rest) and momentum (zero), which contradicts this principle. Despite this, scientists have managed to cool substances to just billionths of a degree above absolute zero.
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