1. The Crusades, c1095–12041.1 Reasons for the Crusades, 1095–11920/01.1.1 Religious Motives and Ideology1.1.2 Role of the Papacy and Papal Support1.1.3 Influence of Preachers and Religious Leaders1.1.4 Political and Strategic Motivations1.1.5 Knightly Culture, Chivalry and Social Drivers1.2 Leadership of the Crusades, 1095–11920/01.2.1 Leadership and Priorities in the First Crusade1.2.2 Baldwin’s Conquest of Edessa (1097)1.2.3 Bohemund’s Seizure of Antioch (1098)1.2.4 Godfrey of Bouillon and the Capture of Jerusalem (1099)1.2.5 Leadership and Failures of the Second Crusade1.2.6 Leadership Dynamics in the Third Crusade1.3 The Crusader States of Outremer, 1100–11920/01.3.1 Geography and Political Importance of the States1.3.2 Economic Foundations and European Connections1.3.3 Baldwin I’s Rule and Territorial Consolidation (1100–1118)1.3.4 Castles, Fortifications, and the Military Orders1.3.5 Governance and Dynastic Rule1.3.6 Crisis and Diplomacy in the Late 12th Century1.4 The Changing Muslim Response to the Crusades, 1095–11920/01.4.1 Religious and Political Divisions in the Muslim World1.4.2 Early Defeats and the Fall of Jerusalem (1097–1099)1.4.3 Rise of Zingi and the Seizure of Edessa (1144)1.4.4 Nur ad-Din and Attempts at Further Consolidation1.4.5 Saladin’s Rise and Unification of Egypt and Syria1.4.6 Saladin’s Military Campaigns and Final Achievements1.5 What Explains the Failure of the Fourth Crusade?0/01.5.1 Innocent III’s Vision and Its Breakdown1.5.2 Problems of Recruitment, Size, and Leadership1.5.3 The Role of Venice and Doge Enrico Dandolo1.5.4 The Intervention of Prince Alexius IV1.5.5 The Sack of Constantinople and Final Collapse1. The Crusades, c1095–12041.1 Reasons for the Crusades, 1095–11920/01.1.1 Religious Motives and Ideology1.1.2 Role of the Papacy and Papal Support1.1.3 Influence of Preachers and Religious Leaders1.1.4 Political and Strategic Motivations1.1.5 Knightly Culture, Chivalry and Social Drivers1.2 Leadership of the Crusades, 1095–11920/01.2.1 Leadership and Priorities in the First Crusade1.2.2 Baldwin’s Conquest of Edessa (1097)1.2.3 Bohemund’s Seizure of Antioch (1098)1.2.4 Godfrey of Bouillon and the Capture of Jerusalem (1099)1.2.5 Leadership and Failures of the Second Crusade1.2.6 Leadership Dynamics in the Third Crusade1.3 The Crusader States of Outremer, 1100–11920/01.3.1 Geography and Political Importance of the States1.3.2 Economic Foundations and European Connections1.3.3 Baldwin I’s Rule and Territorial Consolidation (1100–1118)1.3.4 Castles, Fortifications, and the Military Orders1.3.5 Governance and Dynastic Rule1.3.6 Crisis and Diplomacy in the Late 12th Century1.4 The Changing Muslim Response to the Crusades, 1095–11920/01.4.1 Religious and Political Divisions in the Muslim World1.4.2 Early Defeats and the Fall of Jerusalem (1097–1099)1.4.3 Rise of Zingi and the Seizure of Edessa (1144)1.4.4 Nur ad-Din and Attempts at Further Consolidation1.4.5 Saladin’s Rise and Unification of Egypt and Syria1.4.6 Saladin’s Military Campaigns and Final Achievements1.5 What Explains the Failure of the Fourth Crusade?0/01.5.1 Innocent III’s Vision and Its Breakdown1.5.2 Problems of Recruitment, Size, and Leadership1.5.3 The Role of Venice and Doge Enrico Dandolo1.5.4 The Intervention of Prince Alexius IV1.5.5 The Sack of Constantinople and Final Collapse2. Anglo-Saxon England and the Anglo-Norman Kingdom, c1053–1106Premium2.1 Late Anglo-Saxon England, c1053–660/02.1.1 Monarchy and Government2.1.2 The Economy of Anglo-Saxon England2.1.3 The House of Godwin and Its Political Role2.1.4 The Succession Crisis and Claims to the Throne2.1.5 Invasions and Battles of 10662.2 The Norman Conquest of England and Extension of Control in Wales and Scotland, 1066–930/02.2.1 William of Normandy’s Invasion and Victory at Hastings2.2.2 Suppressing Resistance and Securing England2.2.3 Norman Expansion into Wales and Scotland2.2.4 Creation of a Norman Military State2.2.5 Consolidation of Royal Power2.3 State, Church and Society, 1066–11060/02.3.1 Central and Local Government under Norman Rule2.3.2 Transformation of the English Aristocracy2.3.3 Social and Economic Changes in Towns and Villages2.3.4 Reform and Control of the English Church2.3.5 The Norman State and Society in Perspective2.4 Normandy, 1066–11060/02.4.1 William of Normandy’s Reasons for the Invasion of England2.4.2 William’s Challenges in Normandy (1066–87)2.4.3 Tensions Between William Rufus and Robert Curthose2.4.4 Henry I’s Rise and the Reunification of Anglo-Norman Rule2.4.5 The Significance of the Restoration of the Anglo-Norman Kingdom2. Anglo-Saxon England and the Anglo-Norman Kingdom, c1053–1106Premium2.1 Late Anglo-Saxon England, c1053–660/02.1.1 Monarchy and Government2.1.2 The Economy of Anglo-Saxon England2.1.3 The House of Godwin and Its Political Role2.1.4 The Succession Crisis and Claims to the Throne2.1.5 Invasions and Battles of 10662.2 The Norman Conquest of England and Extension of Control in Wales and Scotland, 1066–930/02.2.1 William of Normandy’s Invasion and Victory at Hastings2.2.2 Suppressing Resistance and Securing England2.2.3 Norman Expansion into Wales and Scotland2.2.4 Creation of a Norman Military State2.2.5 Consolidation of Royal Power2.3 State, Church and Society, 1066–11060/02.3.1 Central and Local Government under Norman Rule2.3.2 Transformation of the English Aristocracy2.3.3 Social and Economic Changes in Towns and Villages2.3.4 Reform and Control of the English Church2.3.5 The Norman State and Society in Perspective2.4 Normandy, 1066–11060/02.4.1 William of Normandy’s Reasons for the Invasion of England2.4.2 William’s Challenges in Normandy (1066–87)2.4.3 Tensions Between William Rufus and Robert Curthose2.4.4 Henry I’s Rise and the Reunification of Anglo-Norman Rule2.4.5 The Significance of the Restoration of the Anglo-Norman Kingdom3. England and the Angevin Empire in the Reign of Henry II, 1154–89Premium3.1 The Restoration and Extension of Royal Authority, 1154–720/03.1.1 England and the Angevin Empire at the Start of Henry’s Reign3.1.2 Restoration of Royal Control Over the Nobility3.1.3 Relations with Wales, Scotland and Ireland3.1.4 The Angevin Empire in France3.1.5 Assessment of Henry’s Consolidation of Authority (1154–72)3.2 Reforms in England, 1154–890/03.2.1 Central Government and Key Figures3.2.2 Financial Reforms and Revenue Generation3.2.3 Legal Reforms and Royal Justice3.2.4 The Changing Nature of Kingship3.2.5 Legacy and Impact of Henry II’s Reforms3.3 Henry II and the English Church, 1154–740/03.3.1 Sources of Tension Between Crown and Church3.3.2 Becket’s Appointment and Initial Conflict (1162–64)3.3.3 Breakdown of Relations and Becket’s Martyrdom (1169–70)3.3.4 The Settlement with the Papacy and Public Penance (1172–74)3.3.5 Legacy of the Becket Dispute for Crown-Church Relations3.4 Crises of the Angevin Empire, 1170–890/03.4.1 Family Rivalries and Dynastic Planning3.4.2 Causes of the Great Rebellion (1173–74)3.4.3 Defeat of the Great Rebellion and Short-Term Aftermath3.4.4 Succession Crises and the Rise of Philip Augustus3.4.5 Collapse of Henry’s Authority and His Death (1189)3. England and the Angevin Empire in the Reign of Henry II, 1154–89Premium3.1 The Restoration and Extension of Royal Authority, 1154–720/03.1.1 England and the Angevin Empire at the Start of Henry’s Reign3.1.2 Restoration of Royal Control Over the Nobility3.1.3 Relations with Wales, Scotland and Ireland3.1.4 The Angevin Empire in France3.1.5 Assessment of Henry’s Consolidation of Authority (1154–72)3.2 Reforms in England, 1154–890/03.2.1 Central Government and Key Figures3.2.2 Financial Reforms and Revenue Generation3.2.3 Legal Reforms and Royal Justice3.2.4 The Changing Nature of Kingship3.2.5 Legacy and Impact of Henry II’s Reforms3.3 Henry II and the English Church, 1154–740/03.3.1 Sources of Tension Between Crown and Church3.3.2 Becket’s Appointment and Initial Conflict (1162–64)3.3.3 Breakdown of Relations and Becket’s Martyrdom (1169–70)3.3.4 The Settlement with the Papacy and Public Penance (1172–74)3.3.5 Legacy of the Becket Dispute for Crown-Church Relations3.4 Crises of the Angevin Empire, 1170–890/03.4.1 Family Rivalries and Dynastic Planning3.4.2 Causes of the Great Rebellion (1173–74)3.4.3 Defeat of the Great Rebellion and Short-Term Aftermath3.4.4 Succession Crises and the Rise of Philip Augustus3.4.5 Collapse of Henry’s Authority and His Death (1189)4. England, 1509–1603: Authority, Nation and ReligionPremium4.1 Monarchy and Government, 1509–880/04.1.1 The Nature of Tudor Monarchy4.1.2 Issues of Succession and Gender4.1.3 Evolution of Parliament’s Role4.1.4 Key Ministers and Advisors4.1.5 Structural Changes in Government4.2 Religious Changes, 1509–880/04.2.1 Religious Policies of the Tudor Monarchs4.2.2 Catholicism and Its Survival Post-Reformation4.2.3 The Development of Protestantism (1509–58)4.2.4 The Rise and Challenge of Puritanism (1558–88)4.2.5 Overall Impact of Religious Change on English Society4.3 State Control and Popular Resistance, 1509–880/04.3.1 Tudor Governance and Regional Control4.3.2 Poverty and the Tudor State4.3.3 Fiscal Grievances and Resistance to Taxation4.3.4 Popular Risings and Rebellions, 1536–694.3.5 Decline of Resistance and the Strengthening of the Tudor State, 1570–884.4 Economic, Social and Cultural Change, 1509–880/04.4.1 Trade and Industry4.4.2 Social Structure and Population Change4.4.3 Education and Intellectual Change4.4.4 Patronage and Cultural Development4.4.5 The Cult of Gloriana and Elizabethan Cultural Identity4.5 Was There a General Crisis of Government in the Last Years of Elizabeth I’s Reign, 1589–1603?0/04.5.1 Threats to National Security: Spain and Ireland4.5.2 Court Factionalism and the Succession Crisis4.5.3 Conflict with Parliament and the 1601 Session4.5.4 Economic and Social Distress4. England, 1509–1603: Authority, Nation and ReligionPremium4.1 Monarchy and Government, 1509–880/04.1.1 The Nature of Tudor Monarchy4.1.2 Issues of Succession and Gender4.1.3 Evolution of Parliament’s Role4.1.4 Key Ministers and Advisors4.1.5 Structural Changes in Government4.2 Religious Changes, 1509–880/04.2.1 Religious Policies of the Tudor Monarchs4.2.2 Catholicism and Its Survival Post-Reformation4.2.3 The Development of Protestantism (1509–58)4.2.4 The Rise and Challenge of Puritanism (1558–88)4.2.5 Overall Impact of Religious Change on English Society4.3 State Control and Popular Resistance, 1509–880/04.3.1 Tudor Governance and Regional Control4.3.2 Poverty and the Tudor State4.3.3 Fiscal Grievances and Resistance to Taxation4.3.4 Popular Risings and Rebellions, 1536–694.3.5 Decline of Resistance and the Strengthening of the Tudor State, 1570–884.4 Economic, Social and Cultural Change, 1509–880/04.4.1 Trade and Industry4.4.2 Social Structure and Population Change4.4.3 Education and Intellectual Change4.4.4 Patronage and Cultural Development4.4.5 The Cult of Gloriana and Elizabethan Cultural Identity4.5 Was There a General Crisis of Government in the Last Years of Elizabeth I’s Reign, 1589–1603?0/04.5.1 Threats to National Security: Spain and Ireland4.5.2 Court Factionalism and the Succession Crisis4.5.3 Conflict with Parliament and the 1601 Session4.5.4 Economic and Social Distress5. Luther and the German Reformation, c1515–55Premium5.1 Conditions in Early Sixteenth-Century Germany0/05.1.1 Structure of the Holy Roman Empire and Imperial Power5.1.2 Economic Landscape of Germany5.1.3 Structure and Criticisms of the Catholic Church in Germany5.1.4 Relationship Between the Papacy and Germany5.1.5 Indulgences and the Role of Tetzel5.2 Luther’s Early Challenge to the Catholic Church, 1517–200/05.2.1 Influences on Luther’s Theology and Critique of the Church5.2.2 The Ninety-Five Theses and the Role of the Printing Press5.2.3 Key Moments in the Shaping of Luther’s Views, 1517–195.2.4 Luther’s Theological Breakthrough and Excommunication5.2.5 The Nature and Significance of Luther’s Break from Rome5.3 The Development of Lutheranism, 1521–460/05.3.1 The Diet of Worms and Its Aftermath (1521)5.3.2 Luther’s Response to Radicalism and Rebellion5.3.3 Core Lutheran Beliefs and Their Popular Appeal5.3.4 The Role of Philip Melanchthon and Doctrinal Codification5.3.5 Luther’s Later Years and Declining Influence (1530–46)5.4 The Spread and Survival of Lutheranism, 1521–550/05.4.1 Failed Negotiations Between Lutherans and Catholics5.4.2 Role of the German Princes and the Schmalkaldic League5.4.3 Charles V and the Politics of the Reformation5.4.4 The Papacy’s Response to Lutheranism5.4.5 Why Lutheranism Survived5. Luther and the German Reformation, c1515–55Premium5.1 Conditions in Early Sixteenth-Century Germany0/05.1.1 Structure of the Holy Roman Empire and Imperial Power5.1.2 Economic Landscape of Germany5.1.3 Structure and Criticisms of the Catholic Church in Germany5.1.4 Relationship Between the Papacy and Germany5.1.5 Indulgences and the Role of Tetzel5.2 Luther’s Early Challenge to the Catholic Church, 1517–200/05.2.1 Influences on Luther’s Theology and Critique of the Church5.2.2 The Ninety-Five Theses and the Role of the Printing Press5.2.3 Key Moments in the Shaping of Luther’s Views, 1517–195.2.4 Luther’s Theological Breakthrough and Excommunication5.2.5 The Nature and Significance of Luther’s Break from Rome5.3 The Development of Lutheranism, 1521–460/05.3.1 The Diet of Worms and Its Aftermath (1521)5.3.2 Luther’s Response to Radicalism and Rebellion5.3.3 Core Lutheran Beliefs and Their Popular Appeal5.3.4 The Role of Philip Melanchthon and Doctrinal Codification5.3.5 Luther’s Later Years and Declining Influence (1530–46)5.4 The Spread and Survival of Lutheranism, 1521–550/05.4.1 Failed Negotiations Between Lutherans and Catholics5.4.2 Role of the German Princes and the Schmalkaldic League5.4.3 Charles V and the Politics of the Reformation5.4.4 The Papacy’s Response to Lutheranism5.4.5 Why Lutheranism Survived6. The Dutch Revolt, c1563–1609Premium6.1 Origins of the Dutch Revolt, c1563–670/06.1.1 Political Structure of the Habsburg Netherlands6.1.2 Spanish Rule and the Regency of Margaret of Parma6.1.3 Noble Resistance and the Formation of Opposition6.1.4 Rise and Impact of Calvinism6.1.5 Underlying Causes of Revolt and Breakdown of Authority6.2 Alva and Orange, 1567–730/06.2.1 Alva’s Repression and Centralisation6.2.2 Orange’s Initial Failures (1568–70)6.2.3 The Sea Beggars and the Turning Point of 15726.2.4 Orange’s Resurgence and Alva’s Weakening Position6.2.5 Strategic Significance of the 1567–73 Phase6.3 Spain and the Reconquest, 1573–840/06.3.1 Requesens and the Collapse of Spanish Control (1573–76)6.3.2 Parma’s Reconquest and the Revival of Spanish Power (1577–84)6.3.3 Foreign Intervention and the Failure of Anjou (1578–83)6.3.4 Emergence of a Northern Dutch Identity6.3.5 Decline and Death of Orange6.4 Securing the Independence of the United Provinces, 1584–16090/06.4.1 Maurice of Nassau and the Military Transformation6.4.2 Foreign Support and Spain’s Strategic Overstretch6.4.3 Internal Strengthening of the United Provinces6.4.4 Decline of Spanish Power in the Netherlands6.4.5 The Consolidation of Dutch Independence6. The Dutch Revolt, c1563–1609Premium6.1 Origins of the Dutch Revolt, c1563–670/06.1.1 Political Structure of the Habsburg Netherlands6.1.2 Spanish Rule and the Regency of Margaret of Parma6.1.3 Noble Resistance and the Formation of Opposition6.1.4 Rise and Impact of Calvinism6.1.5 Underlying Causes of Revolt and Breakdown of Authority6.2 Alva and Orange, 1567–730/06.2.1 Alva’s Repression and Centralisation6.2.2 Orange’s Initial Failures (1568–70)6.2.3 The Sea Beggars and the Turning Point of 15726.2.4 Orange’s Resurgence and Alva’s Weakening Position6.2.5 Strategic Significance of the 1567–73 Phase6.3 Spain and the Reconquest, 1573–840/06.3.1 Requesens and the Collapse of Spanish Control (1573–76)6.3.2 Parma’s Reconquest and the Revival of Spanish Power (1577–84)6.3.3 Foreign Intervention and the Failure of Anjou (1578–83)6.3.4 Emergence of a Northern Dutch Identity6.3.5 Decline and Death of Orange6.4 Securing the Independence of the United Provinces, 1584–16090/06.4.1 Maurice of Nassau and the Military Transformation6.4.2 Foreign Support and Spain’s Strategic Overstretch6.4.3 Internal Strengthening of the United Provinces6.4.4 Decline of Spanish Power in the Netherlands6.4.5 The Consolidation of Dutch Independence7. Britain, 1625–1701: Conflict, Revolution and SettlementPremium7.1 The Quest for Political Stability, 1625–880/07.1.1 The Breakdown of Monarchical Government, 1625–407.1.2 The Failure to Reach Compromise, 1640–497.1.3 Republican Experiments and Cromwell’s Role, 1649–607.1.4 The Restoration Settlement and Conflicts, 1660–817.1.5 Collapse of Royal Power and the Road to Revolution, 1681–887.2 Religion: Conflict and Dissent, 1625–880/07.2.1 The Church of England and Religious Uniformity7.2.2 The Rise of Religious Nonconformity7.2.3 The Catholic Presence and Growing Suspicion7.2.4 Tensions Between Uniformity and Toleration7.2.5 Continuity and Change in Religious Policy, 1625–887.3 Social and Intellectual Challenge, 1625–880/07.3.1 Demographic Change and Social Impact7.3.2 Social Hierarchy and Class Developments7.3.3 Political Radicalism and Revolutionary Thought7.3.4 Intellectual Development: Hobbes, Locke, and Ideological Change7.3.5 The Scientific Revolution and the Royal Society7.4 Economy, Trade and Empire, 1625–880/07.4.1 Developments in Agriculture7.4.2 Patterns of Domestic Trade and Urban Growth7.4.3 Imperial Expansion and Mercantilism7.4.4 Commercial Rivalry and Overseas Trade7.4.5 Impact of Economic and Imperial Growth7.5 How Revolutionary, in the Years to 1701, Was the Glorious Revolution of 1688–89?0/07.5.1 The Establishment of a Constitutional Monarchy7.5.2 The Toleration Act and Religious Settlement7.5.3 The Triennial Act and Parliamentary Sovereignty7.5.4 William III’s Wars and the Financial Revolution7.5.5 Assessing the Revolution’s Long-Term Impact7. Britain, 1625–1701: Conflict, Revolution and SettlementPremium7.1 The Quest for Political Stability, 1625–880/07.1.1 The Breakdown of Monarchical Government, 1625–407.1.2 The Failure to Reach Compromise, 1640–497.1.3 Republican Experiments and Cromwell’s Role, 1649–607.1.4 The Restoration Settlement and Conflicts, 1660–817.1.5 Collapse of Royal Power and the Road to Revolution, 1681–887.2 Religion: Conflict and Dissent, 1625–880/07.2.1 The Church of England and Religious Uniformity7.2.2 The Rise of Religious Nonconformity7.2.3 The Catholic Presence and Growing Suspicion7.2.4 Tensions Between Uniformity and Toleration7.2.5 Continuity and Change in Religious Policy, 1625–887.3 Social and Intellectual Challenge, 1625–880/07.3.1 Demographic Change and Social Impact7.3.2 Social Hierarchy and Class Developments7.3.3 Political Radicalism and Revolutionary Thought7.3.4 Intellectual Development: Hobbes, Locke, and Ideological Change7.3.5 The Scientific Revolution and the Royal Society7.4 Economy, Trade and Empire, 1625–880/07.4.1 Developments in Agriculture7.4.2 Patterns of Domestic Trade and Urban Growth7.4.3 Imperial Expansion and Mercantilism7.4.4 Commercial Rivalry and Overseas Trade7.4.5 Impact of Economic and Imperial Growth7.5 How Revolutionary, in the Years to 1701, Was the Glorious Revolution of 1688–89?0/07.5.1 The Establishment of a Constitutional Monarchy7.5.2 The Toleration Act and Religious Settlement7.5.3 The Triennial Act and Parliamentary Sovereignty7.5.4 William III’s Wars and the Financial Revolution7.5.5 Assessing the Revolution’s Long-Term Impact8. France in Revolution, 1774–99Premium8.1 The Origins and Onset of Revolution, 1774–890/08.1.1 The Structure and Challenges of the Ancien Régime8.1.2 Socio-Economic Problems of the 1780s8.1.3 Louis XVI’s Government and Financial Crisis8.1.4 Breakdown of Monarchical Authority, 1788–898.1.5 Revolution Begins: Paris and the Bastille8.2 Revolution and the Failure of Constitutional Monarchy, 1789–930/08.2.1 The Creation of a New Constitutional Order, 1789–918.2.2 The Political Environment and Revolutionary Culture, 1789–938.2.3 The Breakdown of Royal Relations, 1791–928.2.4 Radicalisation of the Revolution, 1792–938.2.5 Reasons for the Collapse of Constitutional Monarchy8.3 The National Convention, the Jacobins and the Terror, 1793–940/08.3.1 Preconditions for the Terror8.3.2 Machinery of the Terror8.3.3 The Great Terror and Internal Purges, 17948.3.4 The Coup of Thermidor8.3.5 Outcomes and Impact of the Terror8.4 From the Directory to Brumaire, 1795–990/08.4.1 Problems Facing the Directory8.4.2 The Work and Reforms of the Directory8.4.3 Internal and External Threats to Stability8.4.4 The Rise of Bonaparte and the Coup of Brumaire8.4.5 Assessing the Fall of the Directory8. France in Revolution, 1774–99Premium8.1 The Origins and Onset of Revolution, 1774–890/08.1.1 The Structure and Challenges of the Ancien Régime8.1.2 Socio-Economic Problems of the 1780s8.1.3 Louis XVI’s Government and Financial Crisis8.1.4 Breakdown of Monarchical Authority, 1788–898.1.5 Revolution Begins: Paris and the Bastille8.2 Revolution and the Failure of Constitutional Monarchy, 1789–930/08.2.1 The Creation of a New Constitutional Order, 1789–918.2.2 The Political Environment and Revolutionary Culture, 1789–938.2.3 The Breakdown of Royal Relations, 1791–928.2.4 Radicalisation of the Revolution, 1792–938.2.5 Reasons for the Collapse of Constitutional Monarchy8.3 The National Convention, the Jacobins and the Terror, 1793–940/08.3.1 Preconditions for the Terror8.3.2 Machinery of the Terror8.3.3 The Great Terror and Internal Purges, 17948.3.4 The Coup of Thermidor8.3.5 Outcomes and Impact of the Terror8.4 From the Directory to Brumaire, 1795–990/08.4.1 Problems Facing the Directory8.4.2 The Work and Reforms of the Directory8.4.3 Internal and External Threats to Stability8.4.4 The Rise of Bonaparte and the Coup of Brumaire8.4.5 Assessing the Fall of the Directory9. Russia in Revolution, 1894–1924Premium9.1 The Rule of Nicholas II, 1894–19050/09.1.1 The Nature of Autocratic Rule9.1.2 Opposition to Tsarism9.1.3 Causes and Events of the 1905 Revolution9.1.4 Nicholas II’s Response to Revolution9.1.5 Historical Interpretations and Outcomes9.2 The End of Romanov Rule, 1906–170/09.2.1 Constitutional Developments and the Dumas9.2.2 Repression, Reform, and Stability under Stolypin9.2.3 The Impact of the First World War (1914–17)9.2.4 The February Revolution (1917)9.2.5 Historical Interpretation and the Collapse of Autocracy9.3 The Provisional Government and Its Opponents, February–October 19170/09.3.1 Dual Power and the Early Months9.3.2 Rising Opposition and Revolutionary Pressure9.3.3 The Second Provisional Government and the Kornilov Affair9.3.4 The October Revolution9.3.5 Interpreting the Fall of the Provisional Government9.4 Defending the Bolshevik Revolution, October 1917–240/09.4.1 Bolshevik Political Consolidation, 1917–189.4.2 The Civil War and Defeat of Domestic Enemies9.4.3 Foreign Intervention and Its Consequences9.4.4 Economic Policies and Resistance9.4.5 Legacy of the Bolsheviks' Victory9. Russia in Revolution, 1894–1924Premium9.1 The Rule of Nicholas II, 1894–19050/09.1.1 The Nature of Autocratic Rule9.1.2 Opposition to Tsarism9.1.3 Causes and Events of the 1905 Revolution9.1.4 Nicholas II’s Response to Revolution9.1.5 Historical Interpretations and Outcomes9.2 The End of Romanov Rule, 1906–170/09.2.1 Constitutional Developments and the Dumas9.2.2 Repression, Reform, and Stability under Stolypin9.2.3 The Impact of the First World War (1914–17)9.2.4 The February Revolution (1917)9.2.5 Historical Interpretation and the Collapse of Autocracy9.3 The Provisional Government and Its Opponents, February–October 19170/09.3.1 Dual Power and the Early Months9.3.2 Rising Opposition and Revolutionary Pressure9.3.3 The Second Provisional Government and the Kornilov Affair9.3.4 The October Revolution9.3.5 Interpreting the Fall of the Provisional Government9.4 Defending the Bolshevik Revolution, October 1917–240/09.4.1 Bolshevik Political Consolidation, 1917–189.4.2 The Civil War and Defeat of Domestic Enemies9.4.3 Foreign Intervention and Its Consequences9.4.4 Economic Policies and Resistance9.4.5 Legacy of the Bolsheviks' Victory10. Britain, c1785–c1870: Democracy, Protest and ReformPremium10.1 The Growth of Parliamentary Democracy, c1785–c18700/010.1.1 The Unreformed Parliament and Its Critics, c1785–182010.1.2 Pressure for Reform and the 1832 Great Reform Act10.1.3 Chartism and the Limits of Reform, 1838–5210.1.4 Reform Between 1832 and 186710.1.5 The Reform Act of 1867 and Its Impact10.2 Industrialisation and Protest, c1785–c18700/010.2.1 The Impact of Industrialisation on Economy and Society10.2.2 Working and Living Conditions in an Industrial Nation10.2.3 Industrial Protest and Popular Movements10.2.4 Factory Reform and Regulation, 1833–7010.2.5 Reforming Living Conditions, 1848–7010.3 Unionism and Cooperation, c1785–c18700/010.3.1 Early Trade Unionism and Government Opposition, c1785–183410.3.2 Development of New Model Unionism, 1835–187010.3.3 Cooperative Movements and Economic Self-Help10.3.4 The Growth and Role of Friendly Societies10.4 Poverty and Pauperism, c1785–c18700/010.4.1 The Old Poor Law and the Need for Change10.4.2 The Poor Law Amendment Act of 183410.4.3 Reactions and Opposition to the New Poor Law10.4.4 Changing Attitudes to Poverty, 1834–187010.5 What Explains the Abolition of the Slave Trade at the End of the Period, c1785–1807?0/010.5.1 The Role of Humanitarian Campaigns and Religious Influence10.5.2 Economic and Financial Factors10.5.3 The Influence of Key Individuals10.5.4 The Political Climate and Fear of Slave Revolt10. Britain, c1785–c1870: Democracy, Protest and ReformPremium10.1 The Growth of Parliamentary Democracy, c1785–c18700/010.1.1 The Unreformed Parliament and Its Critics, c1785–182010.1.2 Pressure for Reform and the 1832 Great Reform Act10.1.3 Chartism and the Limits of Reform, 1838–5210.1.4 Reform Between 1832 and 186710.1.5 The Reform Act of 1867 and Its Impact10.2 Industrialisation and Protest, c1785–c18700/010.2.1 The Impact of Industrialisation on Economy and Society10.2.2 Working and Living Conditions in an Industrial Nation10.2.3 Industrial Protest and Popular Movements10.2.4 Factory Reform and Regulation, 1833–7010.2.5 Reforming Living Conditions, 1848–7010.3 Unionism and Cooperation, c1785–c18700/010.3.1 Early Trade Unionism and Government Opposition, c1785–183410.3.2 Development of New Model Unionism, 1835–187010.3.3 Cooperative Movements and Economic Self-Help10.3.4 The Growth and Role of Friendly Societies10.4 Poverty and Pauperism, c1785–c18700/010.4.1 The Old Poor Law and the Need for Change10.4.2 The Poor Law Amendment Act of 183410.4.3 Reactions and Opposition to the New Poor Law10.4.4 Changing Attitudes to Poverty, 1834–187010.5 What Explains the Abolition of the Slave Trade at the End of the Period, c1785–1807?0/010.5.1 The Role of Humanitarian Campaigns and Religious Influence10.5.2 Economic and Financial Factors10.5.3 The Influence of Key Individuals10.5.4 The Political Climate and Fear of Slave Revolt11. The Unification of Italy, c1830–70Premium11.1 Challenges to the Restored Order and the Failure of Revolution, c1830–490/011.1.1 Political and Social Landscape of Italy, 1830–4711.1.2 Rise of Nationalist Thought and Key Figures (1830–47)11.1.3 Revolutions of 1848–4911.1.4 Reasons for the Failure of the Revolutions11.1.5 Historical Evaluation and Long-Term Significance11.2 The Rise of Piedmont, 1849–560/011.2.1 The Legacy of the 1848–49 Revolutions11.2.2 Political Developments in Piedmont11.2.3 Economic Modernisation and State-Building11.2.4 Developments in Diplomacy11.2.5 The Foundations of Leadership in the Unification Process11.3 The Creation of the Kingdom of Italy, 1856–610/011.3.1 Causes and Outbreak of the Second Italian War of Independence11.3.2 The War with Austria, 1859–6011.3.3 Garibaldi’s Southern Campaign, 186011.3.4 Unification of North and South, 1860–6111.3.5 Historiographical Debate and Long-Term Consequences11.4 Consolidating the Kingdom of Italy, 1861–700/011.4.1 Challenges to National Unity After 186111.4.2 The Venetian Question and Its Resolution (1861–66)11.4.3 The Roman Question and Its Resolution (1861–70)11.4.4 Achieving Unity: Integration and Division by 187011.4.5 Legacy and Historical Evaluation11. The Unification of Italy, c1830–70Premium11.1 Challenges to the Restored Order and the Failure of Revolution, c1830–490/011.1.1 Political and Social Landscape of Italy, 1830–4711.1.2 Rise of Nationalist Thought and Key Figures (1830–47)11.1.3 Revolutions of 1848–4911.1.4 Reasons for the Failure of the Revolutions11.1.5 Historical Evaluation and Long-Term Significance11.2 The Rise of Piedmont, 1849–560/011.2.1 The Legacy of the 1848–49 Revolutions11.2.2 Political Developments in Piedmont11.2.3 Economic Modernisation and State-Building11.2.4 Developments in Diplomacy11.2.5 The Foundations of Leadership in the Unification Process11.3 The Creation of the Kingdom of Italy, 1856–610/011.3.1 Causes and Outbreak of the Second Italian War of Independence11.3.2 The War with Austria, 1859–6011.3.3 Garibaldi’s Southern Campaign, 186011.3.4 Unification of North and South, 1860–6111.3.5 Historiographical Debate and Long-Term Consequences11.4 Consolidating the Kingdom of Italy, 1861–700/011.4.1 Challenges to National Unity After 186111.4.2 The Venetian Question and Its Resolution (1861–66)11.4.3 The Roman Question and Its Resolution (1861–70)11.4.4 Achieving Unity: Integration and Division by 187011.4.5 Legacy and Historical Evaluation12. The Unification of Germany, c1840–71Premium12.1 Popular Pressure and Causes of Revolution, 1840–480/012.1.1 Political Structure of the German Confederation in the 1840s12.1.2 Economic and Social Developments in the 1840s12.1.3 The Immediate Causes of the 1848 Revolution12.1.4 The Outbreak of Revolution in the German States12.1.5 Initial Success and Its Fragility12.2 Failure of Revolution, 1848–510/012.2.1 The Frankfurt Parliament and the Collapse of Unity, 1848–4912.2.2 Revolution and Counter-Revolution in Prussia, 1848–4912.2.3 Why the Revolutions Failed12.2.4 The Political Consequences of the Revolutions12.2.5 Historical Assessment and Legacy12.3 Austro-Prussian Rivalry, 1852–660/012.3.1 Austria’s Position in Germany: Strengths and Growing Weaknesses12.3.2 Economic Rise of Prussia12.3.3 Political Transformation in Prussia12.3.4 Austro-Prussian Rivalry Intensifies, 1862–6512.3.5 The Austro-Prussian War and Its Consequences (1866)12.4 Prussia and the Kleindeutschland Solution, 1866–710/012.4.1 Prussia’s Reorganisation of Germany, 1866–6712.4.2 Prussia’s Foreign Policy and Relations with France, 1866–7012.4.3 The Franco-Prussian War and the Creation of the German Empire12.4.4 Reasons for Prussia’s Success in German Unification12.4.5 The Kleindeutschland Solution and Its Impact12. The Unification of Germany, c1840–71Premium12.1 Popular Pressure and Causes of Revolution, 1840–480/012.1.1 Political Structure of the German Confederation in the 1840s12.1.2 Economic and Social Developments in the 1840s12.1.3 The Immediate Causes of the 1848 Revolution12.1.4 The Outbreak of Revolution in the German States12.1.5 Initial Success and Its Fragility12.2 Failure of Revolution, 1848–510/012.2.1 The Frankfurt Parliament and the Collapse of Unity, 1848–4912.2.2 Revolution and Counter-Revolution in Prussia, 1848–4912.2.3 Why the Revolutions Failed12.2.4 The Political Consequences of the Revolutions12.2.5 Historical Assessment and Legacy12.3 Austro-Prussian Rivalry, 1852–660/012.3.1 Austria’s Position in Germany: Strengths and Growing Weaknesses12.3.2 Economic Rise of Prussia12.3.3 Political Transformation in Prussia12.3.4 Austro-Prussian Rivalry Intensifies, 1862–6512.3.5 The Austro-Prussian War and Its Consequences (1866)12.4 Prussia and the Kleindeutschland Solution, 1866–710/012.4.1 Prussia’s Reorganisation of Germany, 1866–6712.4.2 Prussia’s Foreign Policy and Relations with France, 1866–7012.4.3 The Franco-Prussian War and the Creation of the German Empire12.4.4 Reasons for Prussia’s Success in German Unification12.4.5 The Kleindeutschland Solution and Its Impact13. Russia, 1917–91: From Lenin to Yeltsin 13.4 Social Developments, 1917–85Premium13.1 Communist Government in the USSR, 1917–850/013.1.1 Establishing One-Party Rule: Lenin’s Government, 1917–2413.1.2 Stalin’s Consolidation of Power, 1928–5313.1.3 Khrushchev and De-Stalinisation, 1953–6413.1.4 The Brezhnev Era and the Return to Stability, 1964–8213.1.5 Political Stagnation and Succession Struggles, 1982–8513.2 Industrial and Agricultural Change, 1917–850/013.2.1 War Communism and the New Economic Policy, 1917–2813.2.2 Stalin’s Five-Year Plans and Industrial Transformation13.2.3 Agricultural Collectivisation and Its Consequences13.2.4 Recovery and Economic Consolidation After WWII13.2.5 Economic Reform and Stagnation, 1953–8513.3 Control of the People, 1917–850/013.3.1 State Control of Media and Propaganda13.3.2 Attacks on Religion13.3.3 Personality Cults: Stalin, Khrushchev and Brezhnev13.3.4 The Secret Police and Suppression of Opposition13.3.5 The State and Cultural Control, 1917–8513.4 Social Developments, 1917–850/013.4.1 Social Security and Living Standards, 1917–5313.4.2 Building a Stable Society under Khrushchev and Brezhnev, 1953–8513.4.3 Women in Soviet Society13.4.4 Family Policy and Changing Government Attitudes13.4.5 Education and Youth Culture, 1917–8513.5 What Explains the Fall of the USSR, c1985–91?0/013.5.1 Long-Term Economic Weaknesses and the Failure of Reform13.5.2 Political Reform and Party Weakness Under Gorbachev13.5.3 Nationalism and the Collapse of the Union13.5.4 The Role of Boris Yeltsin13.5.5 The Final Collapse of the USSR13. Russia, 1917–91: From Lenin to Yeltsin 13.4 Social Developments, 1917–85Premium13.1 Communist Government in the USSR, 1917–850/013.1.1 Establishing One-Party Rule: Lenin’s Government, 1917–2413.1.2 Stalin’s Consolidation of Power, 1928–5313.1.3 Khrushchev and De-Stalinisation, 1953–6413.1.4 The Brezhnev Era and the Return to Stability, 1964–8213.1.5 Political Stagnation and Succession Struggles, 1982–8513.2 Industrial and Agricultural Change, 1917–850/013.2.1 War Communism and the New Economic Policy, 1917–2813.2.2 Stalin’s Five-Year Plans and Industrial Transformation13.2.3 Agricultural Collectivisation and Its Consequences13.2.4 Recovery and Economic Consolidation After WWII13.2.5 Economic Reform and Stagnation, 1953–8513.3 Control of the People, 1917–850/013.3.1 State Control of Media and Propaganda13.3.2 Attacks on Religion13.3.3 Personality Cults: Stalin, Khrushchev and Brezhnev13.3.4 The Secret Police and Suppression of Opposition13.3.5 The State and Cultural Control, 1917–8513.4 Social Developments, 1917–850/013.4.1 Social Security and Living Standards, 1917–5313.4.2 Building a Stable Society under Khrushchev and Brezhnev, 1953–8513.4.3 Women in Soviet Society13.4.4 Family Policy and Changing Government Attitudes13.4.5 Education and Youth Culture, 1917–8513.5 What Explains the Fall of the USSR, c1985–91?0/013.5.1 Long-Term Economic Weaknesses and the Failure of Reform13.5.2 Political Reform and Party Weakness Under Gorbachev13.5.3 Nationalism and the Collapse of the Union13.5.4 The Role of Boris Yeltsin13.5.5 The Final Collapse of the USSR14. Mao’s China, 1949–76Premium14.1 Establishing Communist Rule0/014.1.1 China in 1949: The Aftermath of Civil War14.1.2 The New Power Structure and Mao’s Government14.1.3 Suppression of Opposition and Political Campaigns14.1.4 The Korean War and Its Domestic Impacts14.1.5 Consolidation of CCP Power, 1949–6514.2 Agriculture and Industry, 1949–650/014.2.1 Early Agricultural Reform and Collectivisation, 1949–5714.2.2 The Communes and the Great Famine, 1958–6214.2.3 Recovery and Reform: Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping, 1962–6514.2.4 The First Five-Year Plan, 1952–5614.2.5 The Second Five-Year Plan and the Great Leap Forward, 1958–6214.3 The Cultural Revolution and Its Aftermath, 1966–760/014.3.1 Causes of the Cultural Revolution14.3.2 The Red Guards and Red Terror, 1966–6814.3.3 Purges and Political Victims14.3.4 Ending the Cultural Revolution and Restoring Order14.3.5 Mao’s Death and Legacy14.4 Social and Cultural Changes, 1949–760/014.4.1 The Changing Status of Women14.4.2 Education Reform and Literacy Campaigns14.4.3 Health Reform and the Barefoot Doctors14.4.4 Cultural Change and Revolutionary Art14.4.5 Religion and Ideological Control14. Mao’s China, 1949–76Premium14.1 Establishing Communist Rule0/014.1.1 China in 1949: The Aftermath of Civil War14.1.2 The New Power Structure and Mao’s Government14.1.3 Suppression of Opposition and Political Campaigns14.1.4 The Korean War and Its Domestic Impacts14.1.5 Consolidation of CCP Power, 1949–6514.2 Agriculture and Industry, 1949–650/014.2.1 Early Agricultural Reform and Collectivisation, 1949–5714.2.2 The Communes and the Great Famine, 1958–6214.2.3 Recovery and Reform: Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping, 1962–6514.2.4 The First Five-Year Plan, 1952–5614.2.5 The Second Five-Year Plan and the Great Leap Forward, 1958–6214.3 The Cultural Revolution and Its Aftermath, 1966–760/014.3.1 Causes of the Cultural Revolution14.3.2 The Red Guards and Red Terror, 1966–6814.3.3 Purges and Political Victims14.3.4 Ending the Cultural Revolution and Restoring Order14.3.5 Mao’s Death and Legacy14.4 Social and Cultural Changes, 1949–760/014.4.1 The Changing Status of Women14.4.2 Education Reform and Literacy Campaigns14.4.3 Health Reform and the Barefoot Doctors14.4.4 Cultural Change and Revolutionary Art14.4.5 Religion and Ideological Control15. The German Democratic Republic, 1949–90Premium15.1 Establishing and Consolidating Communist Rule in the GDR, c1949–610/015.1.1 Post-War Division and Creation of the GDR15.1.2 Structure and Control of Government15.1.3 Economic Developments and the June 1953 Uprising15.1.4 Emigration and the Berlin Crisis, 1950s–196115.1.5 The Berlin Wall and Its Importance15.2 The Development of the East German State, 1961–850/015.2.1 Economic Transformation and Socialist Planning15.2.2 Creation of a Distinct GDR Identity under Honecker15.2.3 Relations with West Germany and Ostpolitik15.2.4 The GDR’s Growing International Prestige15.2.5 The Soviet Union and the GDR15.3 Life in East Germany, 1949–850/015.3.1 Social Policy and Welfare Provision15.3.2 Repression, Propaganda and Control15.3.3 The SED and the Protestant Church15.3.4 Youth, Culture, and Western Influence15.3.5 Ostpolitik and Inter-German Exchange15.4 Growing Crises and the Collapse of Communist Rule in the GDR0/015.4.1 Economic Decline in the 1980s15.4.2 Gorbachev’s Reforms and Their Impact15.4.3 The Turning Point: Events of 198915.4.4 Collapse of the SED and Transition to Democracy15.4.5 Reunification of Germany, 199015. The German Democratic Republic, 1949–90Premium15.1 Establishing and Consolidating Communist Rule in the GDR, c1949–610/015.1.1 Post-War Division and Creation of the GDR15.1.2 Structure and Control of Government15.1.3 Economic Developments and the June 1953 Uprising15.1.4 Emigration and the Berlin Crisis, 1950s–196115.1.5 The Berlin Wall and Its Importance15.2 The Development of the East German State, 1961–850/015.2.1 Economic Transformation and Socialist Planning15.2.2 Creation of a Distinct GDR Identity under Honecker15.2.3 Relations with West Germany and Ostpolitik15.2.4 The GDR’s Growing International Prestige15.2.5 The Soviet Union and the GDR15.3 Life in East Germany, 1949–850/015.3.1 Social Policy and Welfare Provision15.3.2 Repression, Propaganda and Control15.3.3 The SED and the Protestant Church15.3.4 Youth, Culture, and Western Influence15.3.5 Ostpolitik and Inter-German Exchange15.4 Growing Crises and the Collapse of Communist Rule in the GDR0/015.4.1 Economic Decline in the 1980s15.4.2 Gorbachev’s Reforms and Their Impact15.4.3 The Turning Point: Events of 198915.4.4 Collapse of the SED and Transition to Democracy15.4.5 Reunification of Germany, 199016. In Search of the American Dream: The USA, c1917–96Premium16.1 The Changing Political Environment, 1917–800/016.1.1 The Rise and Fall of Republicanism, 1917–3316.1.2 Roosevelt and Presidential Power, 1933–4516.1.3 Evolution of Leadership, 1945–7216.1.4 Crisis and Decline in Confidence, 1968–8016.1.5 Political Ideologies and Impact of War16.2 The Quest for Civil Rights, 1917–800/016.2.1 Early Struggles for Black Civil Rights, 1917–5516.2.2 The Civil Rights Movement, 1955–6816.2.3 Black Civil Rights and Their Limits, 1968–8016.2.4 Native American and Hispanic Campaigns, 1960–8016.2.5 The Gay Rights Movement, 1960–8016.3 Society and Culture in Change, 1917–800/016.3.1 The Changing Role of Women, 1917–8016.3.2 Immigration and Ethnic Identity, 1917–8016.3.3 The Social Impact of Mass Media, 1917–5016.3.4 Television and Broadcast News, 1950–8016.4 The Changing Quality of Life, 1917–800/016.4.1 Economic Change and Its Impact on Quality of Life, 1917–8016.4.2 Living Standards and Social Inequality, 1917–8016.4.3 Leisure, Sports, and Cultural Consumption, 1917–8016.4.4 Transport and Travel Culture, 1917–8016.5 What impact did the Reagan presidency (1981–89) have on the USA in the years 1981–96?0/016.5.1 Reaganomics and Economic Impact16.5.2 Government Size and Federal Authority16.5.3 Social and Cultural Change, 1981–9616.5.4 Revitalisation of Politics and the Presidency16. In Search of the American Dream: The USA, c1917–96Premium16.1 The Changing Political Environment, 1917–800/016.1.1 The Rise and Fall of Republicanism, 1917–3316.1.2 Roosevelt and Presidential Power, 1933–4516.1.3 Evolution of Leadership, 1945–7216.1.4 Crisis and Decline in Confidence, 1968–8016.1.5 Political Ideologies and Impact of War16.2 The Quest for Civil Rights, 1917–800/016.2.1 Early Struggles for Black Civil Rights, 1917–5516.2.2 The Civil Rights Movement, 1955–6816.2.3 Black Civil Rights and Their Limits, 1968–8016.2.4 Native American and Hispanic Campaigns, 1960–8016.2.5 The Gay Rights Movement, 1960–8016.3 Society and Culture in Change, 1917–800/016.3.1 The Changing Role of Women, 1917–8016.3.2 Immigration and Ethnic Identity, 1917–8016.3.3 The Social Impact of Mass Media, 1917–5016.3.4 Television and Broadcast News, 1950–8016.4 The Changing Quality of Life, 1917–800/016.4.1 Economic Change and Its Impact on Quality of Life, 1917–8016.4.2 Living Standards and Social Inequality, 1917–8016.4.3 Leisure, Sports, and Cultural Consumption, 1917–8016.4.4 Transport and Travel Culture, 1917–8016.5 What impact did the Reagan presidency (1981–89) have on the USA in the years 1981–96?0/016.5.1 Reaganomics and Economic Impact16.5.2 Government Size and Federal Authority16.5.3 Social and Cultural Change, 1981–9616.5.4 Revitalisation of Politics and the Presidency17. India, c1914–48: the road to independencePremium17.1 The First World War and its impact on British India, 1914–200/017.1.1 India in 1914: British Rule and Indian Society17.1.2 India and the First World War: Contributions and Consequences17.1.3 Impact of War on British Rule: Legislation and Political Repression17.1.4 Rise of Nationalism and Indian Political Response, 1914–2017.2 Changing Political Relationships, 1920–300/017.2.1 Gandhi’s Emergence and Non-Cooperation Campaign, 1920–2217.2.2 Reorganisation of Congress, 1922–3017.2.3 Developments in the Muslim League and Hindu-Muslim Relations17.2.4 British Political Strategy and Response17.3 Consultation and Confrontation, 1930–420/017.3.1 The Round Table Conferences, 1930–3217.3.2 Political Developments, 1932–3517.3.3 Government of India Act and Its Impact, 1935–3917.3.4 Indian Response to the Second World War, 1939–4217.4 The Road to Independence, 1942–480/017.4.1 Impact of the Second World War on Indian Politics17.4.2 The Changing Relationship between Britain and India, 1942–4517.4.3 Attempts at Political Settlement, 1945–4617.4.4 Withdrawal, Partition and Independence, 1947–4817. India, c1914–48: the road to independencePremium17.1 The First World War and its impact on British India, 1914–200/017.1.1 India in 1914: British Rule and Indian Society17.1.2 India and the First World War: Contributions and Consequences17.1.3 Impact of War on British Rule: Legislation and Political Repression17.1.4 Rise of Nationalism and Indian Political Response, 1914–2017.2 Changing Political Relationships, 1920–300/017.2.1 Gandhi’s Emergence and Non-Cooperation Campaign, 1920–2217.2.2 Reorganisation of Congress, 1922–3017.2.3 Developments in the Muslim League and Hindu-Muslim Relations17.2.4 British Political Strategy and Response17.3 Consultation and Confrontation, 1930–420/017.3.1 The Round Table Conferences, 1930–3217.3.2 Political Developments, 1932–3517.3.3 Government of India Act and Its Impact, 1935–3917.3.4 Indian Response to the Second World War, 1939–4217.4 The Road to Independence, 1942–480/017.4.1 Impact of the Second World War on Indian Politics17.4.2 The Changing Relationship between Britain and India, 1942–4517.4.3 Attempts at Political Settlement, 1945–4617.4.4 Withdrawal, Partition and Independence, 1947–4818. South Africa, 1948–94Premium18.1 The Response to Apartheid, c1948–590/018.1.1 Life in South Africa c194818.1.2 Reasons for the National Party Victory 194818.1.3 Codifying and Implementing Apartheid, 1948–5918.1.4 African Nationalism, 1948–5918.2 Radicalisation of Resistance and the Consolidation of National Party Power, 1960–680/018.2.1 Resistance and Government Reaction, 1960–6118.2.2 Creating a Republic, 1960–6118.2.3 African Nationalist Radicalisation, 1961–6818.2.4 Strengthening ‘Separate Development’, 1961–6818.3 Redefining Resistance and Challenges to National Party Power, 1968–830/018.3.1 Black Consciousness and the Soweto Uprising18.3.2 The Re-strengthening of the ANC18.3.3 Domestic Challenges to National Party Power, 1974–8318.3.4 External Pressures on National Party Power, 1974–8318.4 The end of apartheid and the creation of the ‘rainbow nation’, 1984–940/018.4.1 Revolt in the Townships, 1984–8718.4.2 Reasons for Botha’s Decision to Negotiate, 1985–8918.4.3 Negotiation and Compromise, 1989–9118.4.4 A New Political Settlement, 1992–9418. South Africa, 1948–94Premium18.1 The Response to Apartheid, c1948–590/018.1.1 Life in South Africa c194818.1.2 Reasons for the National Party Victory 194818.1.3 Codifying and Implementing Apartheid, 1948–5918.1.4 African Nationalism, 1948–5918.2 Radicalisation of Resistance and the Consolidation of National Party Power, 1960–680/018.2.1 Resistance and Government Reaction, 1960–6118.2.2 Creating a Republic, 1960–6118.2.3 African Nationalist Radicalisation, 1961–6818.2.4 Strengthening ‘Separate Development’, 1961–6818.3 Redefining Resistance and Challenges to National Party Power, 1968–830/018.3.1 Black Consciousness and the Soweto Uprising18.3.2 The Re-strengthening of the ANC18.3.3 Domestic Challenges to National Party Power, 1974–8318.3.4 External Pressures on National Party Power, 1974–8318.4 The end of apartheid and the creation of the ‘rainbow nation’, 1984–940/018.4.1 Revolt in the Townships, 1984–8718.4.2 Reasons for Botha’s Decision to Negotiate, 1985–8918.4.3 Negotiation and Compromise, 1989–9118.4.4 A New Political Settlement, 1992–9419. Germany and West Germany, 1918–89Premium19.1 Political and governmental change, 1918–890/019.1.1 The Weimar Republic: Birth and Collapse (1918–33)19.1.2 Establishing and Running the Nazi Dictatorship (1933–45)19.1.3 The Founding of the Federal Republic of Germany (1945–49)19.1.4 Democratic Consolidation in the FRG (1949–65)19.1.5 Maintaining Stability in a Divided Germany (1965–89)19.2 Opposition, control and consent, 1918–890/019.2.1 Opposition in the Weimar Era (1918–33)19.2.2 Opposition and Dissent under the Nazis (1933–45)19.2.3 Dissent and Protest in the FRG (1949–89)19.2.4 State Control and Suppression (1918–89)19.2.5 Popular Support and Consent (1919–89)19.3 Economic Development and Policies, 1918–890/019.3.1 Economic Crises and Recovery in the Weimar Republic, 1918–3219.3.2 The Nazi Economy, 1933–4519.3.3 Post-War Economic Reconstruction and the Social Market Economy, 1945–6619.3.4 Economic Challenges and Adaptation, 1966–8919.3.5 Integration into the European and Global Economy, 1949–8919.4 Aspects of Life in Germany and West Germany, 1918–890/019.4.1 Women and Society, 1918–8919.4.2 Education and Cultural Developments, 1918–8919.4.3 Ethnic Minorities and Racial Attitudes, 1918–8919.5 How far was Hitler’s foreign policy responsible for the Second World War?0/019.5.1 The Influence of German History on Nazi Foreign Policy19.5.2 Hitler’s Foreign Policy Aims and Actions, 1933–3919.5.3 The Invasion of Poland, 193919.5.4 The Role of Other Nations in the Outbreak of War19. Germany and West Germany, 1918–89Premium19.1 Political and governmental change, 1918–890/019.1.1 The Weimar Republic: Birth and Collapse (1918–33)19.1.2 Establishing and Running the Nazi Dictatorship (1933–45)19.1.3 The Founding of the Federal Republic of Germany (1945–49)19.1.4 Democratic Consolidation in the FRG (1949–65)19.1.5 Maintaining Stability in a Divided Germany (1965–89)19.2 Opposition, control and consent, 1918–890/019.2.1 Opposition in the Weimar Era (1918–33)19.2.2 Opposition and Dissent under the Nazis (1933–45)19.2.3 Dissent and Protest in the FRG (1949–89)19.2.4 State Control and Suppression (1918–89)19.2.5 Popular Support and Consent (1919–89)19.3 Economic Development and Policies, 1918–890/019.3.1 Economic Crises and Recovery in the Weimar Republic, 1918–3219.3.2 The Nazi Economy, 1933–4519.3.3 Post-War Economic Reconstruction and the Social Market Economy, 1945–6619.3.4 Economic Challenges and Adaptation, 1966–8919.3.5 Integration into the European and Global Economy, 1949–8919.4 Aspects of Life in Germany and West Germany, 1918–890/019.4.1 Women and Society, 1918–8919.4.2 Education and Cultural Developments, 1918–8919.4.3 Ethnic Minorities and Racial Attitudes, 1918–8919.5 How far was Hitler’s foreign policy responsible for the Second World War?0/019.5.1 The Influence of German History on Nazi Foreign Policy19.5.2 Hitler’s Foreign Policy Aims and Actions, 1933–3919.5.3 The Invasion of Poland, 193919.5.4 The Role of Other Nations in the Outbreak of War20. The Rise and Fall of Fascism in Italy, c1911–46Premium20.1 The Liberal State, c1911–180/020.1.1 The Structure and Problems of the Liberal State20.1.2 Giolitti’s Government and Liberal Reforms20.1.3 Instability and the Crisis of Liberalism, 1912–1420.1.4 The First World War and its Consequences20.2 The Rise of Mussolini and the Creation of a Fascist Dictatorship, 1919–260/020.2.1 Challenges to the Liberal State, 191920.2.2 Mussolini and the Development of Fascism, 1919–2220.2.3 Mussolini’s Rise to Power, 1920–2220.2.4 Establishing a Fascist Dictatorship, 1922–2620.3 The Fascist State, 1925–400/020.3.1 Consent, Control and Culture20.3.2 Relationship with Political and Economic Elites20.3.3 Fascist Economic Policy and Social Engineering20.3.4 Fascism and the Catholic Church20.4 Challenges to, and the Fall of, the Fascist State, c1935–460/020.4.1 Mussolini’s Foreign Policy and Italy’s Position by 193520.4.2 Aggression Abroad and Domestic Strains, 1935–4020.4.3 The Second World War and Collapse of the Regime, 1940–4320.4.4 Restoration of Democracy and End of Fascism, 1943–4620. The Rise and Fall of Fascism in Italy, c1911–46Premium20.1 The Liberal State, c1911–180/020.1.1 The Structure and Problems of the Liberal State20.1.2 Giolitti’s Government and Liberal Reforms20.1.3 Instability and the Crisis of Liberalism, 1912–1420.1.4 The First World War and its Consequences20.2 The Rise of Mussolini and the Creation of a Fascist Dictatorship, 1919–260/020.2.1 Challenges to the Liberal State, 191920.2.2 Mussolini and the Development of Fascism, 1919–2220.2.3 Mussolini’s Rise to Power, 1920–2220.2.4 Establishing a Fascist Dictatorship, 1922–2620.3 The Fascist State, 1925–400/020.3.1 Consent, Control and Culture20.3.2 Relationship with Political and Economic Elites20.3.3 Fascist Economic Policy and Social Engineering20.3.4 Fascism and the Catholic Church20.4 Challenges to, and the Fall of, the Fascist State, c1935–460/020.4.1 Mussolini’s Foreign Policy and Italy’s Position by 193520.4.2 Aggression Abroad and Domestic Strains, 1935–4020.4.3 The Second World War and Collapse of the Regime, 1940–4320.4.4 Restoration of Democracy and End of Fascism, 1943–4621. Spain, 1930–78: republicanism, Francoism and the re-establishment of democracyPremium21.1 Creation and destabilisation of the Second Republic, 1930–360/021.1.1 Birth of the Republic and Challenges, 1930–3121.1.2 The Reformist Biennium, 1931–3321.1.3 The Conservative Reaction and Escalating Tensions, 1933–3621.1.4 The Popular Front and Collapse into Civil War, 193621.2 The Spanish Civil War, 1936–390/021.2.1 Outbreak of War and Initial Conditions, July–August 193621.2.2 Main Campaigns and Turning Points, 1936–3921.2.3 Life During the War and Civilian Experiences21.2.4 Why Did the Nationalists Win?21.3 Establishing Franco’s dictatorship, 1938–560/021.3.1 The ‘New State’ and Consolidation of Power, 1938–4521.3.2 Repression and Control of Society21.3.3 Economic Policy and the Autarkic Model21.3.4 Foreign Relations and Diplomatic Positioning, 1939–5621.4 Dictatorship Remodelled and the Transition to Democracy, 1956–780/021.4.1 Economic and Social Change, 1956–7521.4.2 Political Developments and Opposition, 1956–7521.4.3 Succession Planning and the Role of Juan Carlos21.4.4 Transition to Democracy, 1975–7821. Spain, 1930–78: republicanism, Francoism and the re-establishment of democracyPremium21.1 Creation and destabilisation of the Second Republic, 1930–360/021.1.1 Birth of the Republic and Challenges, 1930–3121.1.2 The Reformist Biennium, 1931–3321.1.3 The Conservative Reaction and Escalating Tensions, 1933–3621.1.4 The Popular Front and Collapse into Civil War, 193621.2 The Spanish Civil War, 1936–390/021.2.1 Outbreak of War and Initial Conditions, July–August 193621.2.2 Main Campaigns and Turning Points, 1936–3921.2.3 Life During the War and Civilian Experiences21.2.4 Why Did the Nationalists Win?21.3 Establishing Franco’s dictatorship, 1938–560/021.3.1 The ‘New State’ and Consolidation of Power, 1938–4521.3.2 Repression and Control of Society21.3.3 Economic Policy and the Autarkic Model21.3.4 Foreign Relations and Diplomatic Positioning, 1939–5621.4 Dictatorship Remodelled and the Transition to Democracy, 1956–780/021.4.1 Economic and Social Change, 1956–7521.4.2 Political Developments and Opposition, 1956–7521.4.3 Succession Planning and the Role of Juan Carlos21.4.4 Transition to Democracy, 1975–7822. Britain Transformed, 1918–97Premium22.1 A Changing Political and Economic Environment, 1918–790/022.1.1 The Changing Political Landscape, 1918–7922.1.2 Economic Challenges and Government Response, 1918–7922.1.3 Industrial Change and the Workplace, 1918–7922.2 Creating a Welfare State, 1918–790/022.2.1 Social Welfare Provision, 1918–7922.2.2 Public Health and the NHS, 1918–7922.2.3 Education and Widening Opportunities, 1918–7922.3 Society in Transition, 1918–790/022.3.1 Class and Social Values, 1918–7922.3.2 The Changing Role and Status of Women, 1918–7922.3.3 Race and Immigration, 1918–7922.4 The Changing Quality of Life, 1918–790/022.4.1 Living Standards and Regional Variation, 1918–7922.4.2 Popular Culture and Mass Media, 1918–7922.4.3 Leisure, Sport, and Travel, 1918–7922.5 What impact did Thatcher’s governments (1979–90) have on Britain, 1979–97?0/022.5.1 Thatcher’s Economic Policies and Their Consequences22.5.2 Rolling Back the State and Restructuring the Public Sector22.5.3 Political and Social Divisions in Thatcher’s Britain22.5.4 Thatcherism and Its Impact on Politics and Parties22. Britain Transformed, 1918–97Premium22.1 A Changing Political and Economic Environment, 1918–790/022.1.1 The Changing Political Landscape, 1918–7922.1.2 Economic Challenges and Government Response, 1918–7922.1.3 Industrial Change and the Workplace, 1918–7922.2 Creating a Welfare State, 1918–790/022.2.1 Social Welfare Provision, 1918–7922.2.2 Public Health and the NHS, 1918–7922.2.3 Education and Widening Opportunities, 1918–7922.3 Society in Transition, 1918–790/022.3.1 Class and Social Values, 1918–7922.3.2 The Changing Role and Status of Women, 1918–7922.3.3 Race and Immigration, 1918–7922.4 The Changing Quality of Life, 1918–790/022.4.1 Living Standards and Regional Variation, 1918–7922.4.2 Popular Culture and Mass Media, 1918–7922.4.3 Leisure, Sport, and Travel, 1918–7922.5 What impact did Thatcher’s governments (1979–90) have on Britain, 1979–97?0/022.5.1 Thatcher’s Economic Policies and Their Consequences22.5.2 Rolling Back the State and Restructuring the Public Sector22.5.3 Political and Social Divisions in Thatcher’s Britain22.5.4 Thatcherism and Its Impact on Politics and Parties23. The USA, c1920–55: Boom, Bust and RecoveryPremium23.1 Boom and Crash, 1920–290/023.1.1 Causes and Nature of the Economic Boom23.1.2 Groups Left Behind by the Boom23.1.3 Causes of the 1929 Wall Street Crash23.1.4 Political and Social Tensions in the 1920s23.1.5 Changing Role of Women in the 1920s23.1.6 Cultural Developments and the ‘Roaring Twenties’23.2 Depression and New Deal, 1929–380/023.2.1 Impact of the Depression, 1929–3223.2.2 Hoover’s Response and Its Limitations23.2.3 Roosevelt and the First New Deal, 1933–3523.2.4 The Second New Deal, 1935–3823.2.5 Assessment of the New Deal’s Effectiveness23.3 Impact of the New Deal and the Second World War on the USA to 19450/023.3.1 Economic Effects of the New Deal23.3.2 Impact on Ethnic Minorities23.3.3 Social and Cultural Change23.3.4 War and the U.S. Economy, 1941–4523.4 The Transformation of the USA, 1945–550/023.4.1 Post-War Economic Transformation23.4.2 The End of Post-War Euphoria: Anti-Communism and Fear23.4.3 Cultural Change and the Rise of Mass Media23.4.4 The Changing Status of Minorities23. The USA, c1920–55: Boom, Bust and RecoveryPremium23.1 Boom and Crash, 1920–290/023.1.1 Causes and Nature of the Economic Boom23.1.2 Groups Left Behind by the Boom23.1.3 Causes of the 1929 Wall Street Crash23.1.4 Political and Social Tensions in the 1920s23.1.5 Changing Role of Women in the 1920s23.1.6 Cultural Developments and the ‘Roaring Twenties’23.2 Depression and New Deal, 1929–380/023.2.1 Impact of the Depression, 1929–3223.2.2 Hoover’s Response and Its Limitations23.2.3 Roosevelt and the First New Deal, 1933–3523.2.4 The Second New Deal, 1935–3823.2.5 Assessment of the New Deal’s Effectiveness23.3 Impact of the New Deal and the Second World War on the USA to 19450/023.3.1 Economic Effects of the New Deal23.3.2 Impact on Ethnic Minorities23.3.3 Social and Cultural Change23.3.4 War and the U.S. Economy, 1941–4523.4 The Transformation of the USA, 1945–550/023.4.1 Post-War Economic Transformation23.4.2 The End of Post-War Euphoria: Anti-Communism and Fear23.4.3 Cultural Change and the Rise of Mass Media23.4.4 The Changing Status of Minorities24. The USA, 1955–92Premium24.1 Affluence and Conformity, 1955–630/024.1.1 Urbanisation, Suburbia, and Consumer Growth24.1.2 Cultural Conformity and Counter-Culture24.1.3 Civil Rights Movement and Direct Action24.1.4 Kennedy’s New Frontier Programmes24.2 Protest and Reaction, 1963–720/024.2.1 Civil Rights Activism and New Directions24.2.2 Personal Freedom and Protest Movements24.2.3 Johnson’s Great Society, 1964–6824.2.4 Reaction and Backlash, 1968–7224.3 Social and Political Change, 1973–800/024.3.1 Crisis in Political Leadership24.3.2 Economic Change and Social Effects24.3.3 Cultural Shifts and Popular Media24.3.4 Civil Rights and Social Justice Movements24.4 Republican Dominance and Its Opponents, 1981–920/024.4.1 Economic Policy and Its Social Effects24.4.2 Religious Right and Conservative Social Values24.4.3 Youth and Popular Culture in a Technological Age24.4.4 Social Change and Minority Advancement24. The USA, 1955–92Premium24.1 Affluence and Conformity, 1955–630/024.1.1 Urbanisation, Suburbia, and Consumer Growth24.1.2 Cultural Conformity and Counter-Culture24.1.3 Civil Rights Movement and Direct Action24.1.4 Kennedy’s New Frontier Programmes24.2 Protest and Reaction, 1963–720/024.2.1 Civil Rights Activism and New Directions24.2.2 Personal Freedom and Protest Movements24.2.3 Johnson’s Great Society, 1964–6824.2.4 Reaction and Backlash, 1968–7224.3 Social and Political Change, 1973–800/024.3.1 Crisis in Political Leadership24.3.2 Economic Change and Social Effects24.3.3 Cultural Shifts and Popular Media24.3.4 Civil Rights and Social Justice Movements24.4 Republican Dominance and Its Opponents, 1981–920/024.4.1 Economic Policy and Its Social Effects24.4.2 Religious Right and Conservative Social Values24.4.3 Youth and Popular Culture in a Technological Age24.4.4 Social Change and Minority Advancement25. Lancastrians, Yorkists and Henry VII, 1399–1509Premium25.1 Changing relationships between crown and the nobility: ‘overmighty subjects’0/025.1.1 Role of Major Landowners in Governance, 1399–150925.1.2 The Problem of Retaining and ‘Bastard Feudalism’25.1.3 Regional Disorder and Local Rivalries25.1.4 Royal Responses to Noble Power and Disorder25.1.5 Assessment of Crown-Nobility Relations, 1399–150925.2 Changes in the sinews of power0/025.2.1 Sources of Royal Income, 1399–150925.2.2 Financial Administration: Exchequer vs Chamber25.2.3 Role of Parliament in Fiscal and Political Affairs25.2.4 War and the Crown: Costs and Benefits, 1399–150925.2.5 Overall Impact on Crown Power and Stability25.3 The crises of 1399–14050/025.3.1 Bolingbroke's Seizure of the Crown, 139925.3.2 The Legitimacy Crisis and Early Instability, 1399–140025.3.3 Rebellions and Survival, 1403–140525.3.4 Relations with France and Scotland25.4 Henry V and the conquest of France, 1413–210/025.4.1 Reasons for Renewing the War with France25.4.2 The 1415 Campaign and the Battle of Agincourt25.4.3 The Challenge of Lollardy and Royal Response25.4.4 The Burgundian Alliance, 141925.4.5 The Conquest of Normandy and the Treaty of Troyes, 1417–2025.4.6 The Impact and Significance of Henry V’s Successes25.5 Renewed crises and challenges, c1449–610/025.5.1 Weaknesses of Henry VI and the Influence of Margaret of Anjou25.5.2 The Downfall of the Duke of Suffolk, 145025.5.3 Cade’s Rebellion, 145025.5.4 The Duke of York’s First Protectorate, 1454–5525.5.5 York’s Growing Ambition and the Descent into War, 1455–6025.5.6 The Triumph of Edward IV and the Battle of Towton, 146125.6 The Yorkists Divided, 1478–850/025.6.1 The Fall of George, Duke of Clarence (1478)25.6.2 Edward IV’s Death and the Succession Crisis (1483)25.6.3 Richard III’s Usurpation and the Princes in the Tower25.6.4 The Buckingham Rebellion (1483)25.6.5 Richard III’s Rule and Comparative Weakness25.6.6 Henry Tudor and Victory at Bosworth (1485)25.7 Henry VII: Seizing the Throne and Trying to Keep It, 1485–970/025.7.1 Claiming the Throne and Securing the Dynasty25.7.2 Strengthening Control: Bonds, Recognisances, and Spies25.7.3 Early Dynastic Threats: Simnel and the Battle of Stoke (1487)25.7.4 Continued Threats: Perkin Warbeck, 1491–9925.7.5 Domestic Rebellions: Yorkshire and Cornish Uprisings25. Lancastrians, Yorkists and Henry VII, 1399–1509Premium25.1 Changing relationships between crown and the nobility: ‘overmighty subjects’0/025.1.1 Role of Major Landowners in Governance, 1399–150925.1.2 The Problem of Retaining and ‘Bastard Feudalism’25.1.3 Regional Disorder and Local Rivalries25.1.4 Royal Responses to Noble Power and Disorder25.1.5 Assessment of Crown-Nobility Relations, 1399–150925.2 Changes in the sinews of power0/025.2.1 Sources of Royal Income, 1399–150925.2.2 Financial Administration: Exchequer vs Chamber25.2.3 Role of Parliament in Fiscal and Political Affairs25.2.4 War and the Crown: Costs and Benefits, 1399–150925.2.5 Overall Impact on Crown Power and Stability25.3 The crises of 1399–14050/025.3.1 Bolingbroke's Seizure of the Crown, 139925.3.2 The Legitimacy Crisis and Early Instability, 1399–140025.3.3 Rebellions and Survival, 1403–140525.3.4 Relations with France and Scotland25.4 Henry V and the conquest of France, 1413–210/025.4.1 Reasons for Renewing the War with France25.4.2 The 1415 Campaign and the Battle of Agincourt25.4.3 The Challenge of Lollardy and Royal Response25.4.4 The Burgundian Alliance, 141925.4.5 The Conquest of Normandy and the Treaty of Troyes, 1417–2025.4.6 The Impact and Significance of Henry V’s Successes25.5 Renewed crises and challenges, c1449–610/025.5.1 Weaknesses of Henry VI and the Influence of Margaret of Anjou25.5.2 The Downfall of the Duke of Suffolk, 145025.5.3 Cade’s Rebellion, 145025.5.4 The Duke of York’s First Protectorate, 1454–5525.5.5 York’s Growing Ambition and the Descent into War, 1455–6025.5.6 The Triumph of Edward IV and the Battle of Towton, 146125.6 The Yorkists Divided, 1478–850/025.6.1 The Fall of George, Duke of Clarence (1478)25.6.2 Edward IV’s Death and the Succession Crisis (1483)25.6.3 Richard III’s Usurpation and the Princes in the Tower25.6.4 The Buckingham Rebellion (1483)25.6.5 Richard III’s Rule and Comparative Weakness25.6.6 Henry Tudor and Victory at Bosworth (1485)25.7 Henry VII: Seizing the Throne and Trying to Keep It, 1485–970/025.7.1 Claiming the Throne and Securing the Dynasty25.7.2 Strengthening Control: Bonds, Recognisances, and Spies25.7.3 Early Dynastic Threats: Simnel and the Battle of Stoke (1487)25.7.4 Continued Threats: Perkin Warbeck, 1491–9925.7.5 Domestic Rebellions: Yorkshire and Cornish Uprisings26. Rebellion and Disorder under the Tudors, 1485–1603Premium26.1 Changes in Governance at the Centre0/026.1.1 Government and Administration, 1485–160326.1.2 Church-State Relations and the Reformation26.1.3 Parliament and Sovereignty of Statute, 1485–160326.1.4 The Extent and Impact of Governance Change by 160326.2 Gaining the cooperation of the localities0/026.2.1 Governance Through Regional Councils26.2.2 Increasing Parliamentary Representation26.2.3 Literacy, the Yeoman Class and Local Governance26.2.4 Justices of the Peace (JPs) and Statutory Responsibilities26.2.5 Crown-Locality Relations and Royal Presence26.3 Challenging the succession, 1485–14990/026.3.1 Securing the Throne After Bosworth26.3.2 The Challenge of Lambert Simnel, 1486–8726.3.3 The Challenge of Perkin Warbeck, 1491–9926.3.4 The Role of Foreign Support and Diplomacy26.4 Challenging religious changes, 1533–370/026.4.1 The Henrician Reformation and Its Consequences26.4.2 Causes of the Lincolnshire Rising and Pilgrimage of Grace26.4.3 Nature and Extent of the Threat26.4.4 The Role of Leadership and Suppression26.5 Agrarian discontent: Kett’s Rebellion 15490/026.5.1 Causes of Kett’s Rebellion: Agrarian and Economic Grievances26.5.2 Nature and Extent of the Challenge26.5.3 Leadership and Suppression26.6 Queen Takes Queen? The Revolt of the Northern Earls, 1569–700/026.6.1 Causes and Origins of the Revolt26.6.2 Key Events of the Revolt26.6.3 Failure, Repression, and Long-Term Consequences26.7 Troublesome Ireland: Tyrone’s Rebellion, 1594–16030/026.7.1 Causes of the Nine Years’ War26.7.2 Key Events and Figures26.7.3 Why the War Lasted and Why England Ultimately Won26. Rebellion and Disorder under the Tudors, 1485–1603Premium26.1 Changes in Governance at the Centre0/026.1.1 Government and Administration, 1485–160326.1.2 Church-State Relations and the Reformation26.1.3 Parliament and Sovereignty of Statute, 1485–160326.1.4 The Extent and Impact of Governance Change by 160326.2 Gaining the cooperation of the localities0/026.2.1 Governance Through Regional Councils26.2.2 Increasing Parliamentary Representation26.2.3 Literacy, the Yeoman Class and Local Governance26.2.4 Justices of the Peace (JPs) and Statutory Responsibilities26.2.5 Crown-Locality Relations and Royal Presence26.3 Challenging the succession, 1485–14990/026.3.1 Securing the Throne After Bosworth26.3.2 The Challenge of Lambert Simnel, 1486–8726.3.3 The Challenge of Perkin Warbeck, 1491–9926.3.4 The Role of Foreign Support and Diplomacy26.4 Challenging religious changes, 1533–370/026.4.1 The Henrician Reformation and Its Consequences26.4.2 Causes of the Lincolnshire Rising and Pilgrimage of Grace26.4.3 Nature and Extent of the Threat26.4.4 The Role of Leadership and Suppression26.5 Agrarian discontent: Kett’s Rebellion 15490/026.5.1 Causes of Kett’s Rebellion: Agrarian and Economic Grievances26.5.2 Nature and Extent of the Challenge26.5.3 Leadership and Suppression26.6 Queen Takes Queen? The Revolt of the Northern Earls, 1569–700/026.6.1 Causes and Origins of the Revolt26.6.2 Key Events of the Revolt26.6.3 Failure, Repression, and Long-Term Consequences26.7 Troublesome Ireland: Tyrone’s Rebellion, 1594–16030/026.7.1 Causes of the Nine Years’ War26.7.2 Key Events and Figures26.7.3 Why the War Lasted and Why England Ultimately Won27. The Golden Age of Spain, 1474–1598Premium27.1 Changing geographical reach of Spanish power0/027.1.1 Expansion and consolidation in Italy and the Mediterranean27.1.2 Expansion into the New World27.1.3 Strategic ambitions in northern and western Europe27.2 Changing military and financial power0/027.2.1 The rise of Spanish land military power and commanders27.2.2 Expansion and evolution of Spanish naval power27.2.3 Changing sources and structure of royal finance27.3 The Spanish Inquisition and the persecution of the Jews, 1478–920/027.3.1 The status of Jews and conversos in 15th-century Spain27.3.2 The establishment of the Spanish Inquisition, 1478–8027.3.3 Impact of the Inquisition on conversos and wider society27.3.4 The expulsion of the Jews in 149227.4 The accession of Charles and the revolt of the Comuneros, 1516–290/027.4.1 Accession of Charles von Habsburg and its political implications27.4.2 Causes of the revolt of the Comuneros (1520–21)27.4.3 Events and defeat of the revolt27.4.4 Role of the nobility and broader political consequences27.4.5 Long-term impact on Charles’s rule and Spanish governance27.5 The Price Revolution and its impact, c1500–c15700/027.5.1 The nature and extent of inflation in 16th-century Spain27.5.2 Role of bullion imports from the Americas27.5.3 Demographic pressure and demand-side causes of inflation27.5.4 Social and economic effects of inflation27.6 The campaign for orthodoxy, 1558–700/027.6.1 The drive for religious orthodoxy and the role of the Inquisition27.6.2 The machinery of persecution: methods and outcomes27.6.3 The Morisco problem and the causes of the Great Rebellion (1568)27.6.4 The Great Rebellion (1568–70) and its consequences27.7 The crisis in Aragon, 1590–930/027.7.1 The political nature of Aragon and tensions with Castile27.7.2 The Zaragoza Revolt (1590)27.7.3 Impact of the revolt and long-term consequences27. The Golden Age of Spain, 1474–1598Premium27.1 Changing geographical reach of Spanish power0/027.1.1 Expansion and consolidation in Italy and the Mediterranean27.1.2 Expansion into the New World27.1.3 Strategic ambitions in northern and western Europe27.2 Changing military and financial power0/027.2.1 The rise of Spanish land military power and commanders27.2.2 Expansion and evolution of Spanish naval power27.2.3 Changing sources and structure of royal finance27.3 The Spanish Inquisition and the persecution of the Jews, 1478–920/027.3.1 The status of Jews and conversos in 15th-century Spain27.3.2 The establishment of the Spanish Inquisition, 1478–8027.3.3 Impact of the Inquisition on conversos and wider society27.3.4 The expulsion of the Jews in 149227.4 The accession of Charles and the revolt of the Comuneros, 1516–290/027.4.1 Accession of Charles von Habsburg and its political implications27.4.2 Causes of the revolt of the Comuneros (1520–21)27.4.3 Events and defeat of the revolt27.4.4 Role of the nobility and broader political consequences27.4.5 Long-term impact on Charles’s rule and Spanish governance27.5 The Price Revolution and its impact, c1500–c15700/027.5.1 The nature and extent of inflation in 16th-century Spain27.5.2 Role of bullion imports from the Americas27.5.3 Demographic pressure and demand-side causes of inflation27.5.4 Social and economic effects of inflation27.6 The campaign for orthodoxy, 1558–700/027.6.1 The drive for religious orthodoxy and the role of the Inquisition27.6.2 The machinery of persecution: methods and outcomes27.6.3 The Morisco problem and the causes of the Great Rebellion (1568)27.6.4 The Great Rebellion (1568–70) and its consequences27.7 The crisis in Aragon, 1590–930/027.7.1 The political nature of Aragon and tensions with Castile27.7.2 The Zaragoza Revolt (1590)27.7.3 Impact of the revolt and long-term consequences28. The Witch Craze in Britain, Europe and North America, c1580–c1750Premium28.1 Changing attitudes to witchcraft in Britain0/028.1.1 Growth of scepticism and the decline in belief28.1.2 Notable frauds and dubious cases (1597–1712)28.1.3 Legal influence of Sir John Holt (1689–1710)28.1.4 The impact of sceptical publications (1584–1691)28.2 The wider intellectual context: the coming of the age of science and reason0/028.2.1 Coexistence of old beliefs and new science28.2.2 Key scientific thinkers and their influence28.2.3 Francis Bacon and empirical scientific method28.2.4 Scientific institutions and the promotion of reason28.2.5 New philosophical thought and rationalism28.3 The North Berwick witches in Scotland, 1590–91 and the aftermath to 15970/028.3.1 Origins of the North Berwick witch trials28.3.2 The widening persecution: trials and figures28.3.3 The 1597 witch-hunting wave and causes28.3.4 Impact and legacy of the North Berwick trials28.4 The Lancashire witches of 1604–130/028.4.1 Social, economic, and religious context of Pendle28.4.2 Origins of the Pendle case28.4.3 The 1612 trial: structure and outcomes28.4.4 Significance and legacy28.5 The Great Witch Hunt in Bamberg, Germany, 1623–320/028.5.1 Political, religious and economic context28.5.2 Victims and methods28.5.3 Reasons for the decline of the hunts28.5.4 Significance and legacy28.6 Matthew Hopkins and the East Anglian Witch Craze, 1645–470/028.6.1 Economic and political context28.6.2 Victims of the witch craze28.6.3 Roles and methods of Hopkins and Stearne28.6.4 The ending of the witch craze28.6.5 Significance and historical interpretation28.7 Cotton Mather and the Salem Witch Hunt, 1692–930/028.7.1 Context of Salem society and tensions28.7.2 Cotton Mather and his role28.7.3 Instigators and progression of events28.7.4 The legal process and public response28.7.5 Ending of the Salem witch hunt28.7.6 Historical significance and interpretation28. The Witch Craze in Britain, Europe and North America, c1580–c1750Premium28.1 Changing attitudes to witchcraft in Britain0/028.1.1 Growth of scepticism and the decline in belief28.1.2 Notable frauds and dubious cases (1597–1712)28.1.3 Legal influence of Sir John Holt (1689–1710)28.1.4 The impact of sceptical publications (1584–1691)28.2 The wider intellectual context: the coming of the age of science and reason0/028.2.1 Coexistence of old beliefs and new science28.2.2 Key scientific thinkers and their influence28.2.3 Francis Bacon and empirical scientific method28.2.4 Scientific institutions and the promotion of reason28.2.5 New philosophical thought and rationalism28.3 The North Berwick witches in Scotland, 1590–91 and the aftermath to 15970/028.3.1 Origins of the North Berwick witch trials28.3.2 The widening persecution: trials and figures28.3.3 The 1597 witch-hunting wave and causes28.3.4 Impact and legacy of the North Berwick trials28.4 The Lancashire witches of 1604–130/028.4.1 Social, economic, and religious context of Pendle28.4.2 Origins of the Pendle case28.4.3 The 1612 trial: structure and outcomes28.4.4 Significance and legacy28.5 The Great Witch Hunt in Bamberg, Germany, 1623–320/028.5.1 Political, religious and economic context28.5.2 Victims and methods28.5.3 Reasons for the decline of the hunts28.5.4 Significance and legacy28.6 Matthew Hopkins and the East Anglian Witch Craze, 1645–470/028.6.1 Economic and political context28.6.2 Victims of the witch craze28.6.3 Roles and methods of Hopkins and Stearne28.6.4 The ending of the witch craze28.6.5 Significance and historical interpretation28.7 Cotton Mather and the Salem Witch Hunt, 1692–930/028.7.1 Context of Salem society and tensions28.7.2 Cotton Mather and his role28.7.3 Instigators and progression of events28.7.4 The legal process and public response28.7.5 Ending of the Salem witch hunt28.7.6 Historical significance and interpretation29. Industrialisation and Social Change in Britain, 1759–1928Premium29.1 Changing Patterns of Adult Work and Working Conditions0/029.1.1 Technological change and its influence on work29.1.2 Legislative reform and the improvement of working conditions29.1.3 Employer-led initiatives29.1.4 Impact of the First World War on work patterns29.1.5 The development of trade unions and collective action29.2 The World of Childhood0/029.2.1 Government legislation and the protection of children29.2.2 Philanthropic initiatives and employer action29.2.3 Educational change and expansion29.2.4 Cultural and literary influences on changing attitudes29.3 Josiah Wedgwood: China and Canals, 1759–870/029.3.1 Development and innovation in Wedgwood china29.3.2 The role of canals in industrial success29.3.3 Social conscience and anti-slavery activism29.4 Samuel Greg: Cotton and Cottages, 1784–18160/029.4.1 Founding and development of Quarry Bank Mill29.4.2 Labour management and social responsibility29.4.3 Significance for the Lancashire cotton industry29.5 Isambard Kingdom Brunel: Railways and Ships, 1833–590/029.5.1 The Great Western Railway and the Gauge Controversy29.5.2 Brunel’s engineering achievements and diverse innovations29.5.3 Economic and social impacts of Brunel’s work29.6 Herbert Austin: Creating and Adapting to Market Forces, 1905–280/029.6.1 The Longbridge Works, 1905–1829.6.2 Development and Success of the Austin 729.6.3 Economic and Social Impact of the Austin 7 and Car Ownership29. Industrialisation and Social Change in Britain, 1759–1928Premium29.1 Changing Patterns of Adult Work and Working Conditions0/029.1.1 Technological change and its influence on work29.1.2 Legislative reform and the improvement of working conditions29.1.3 Employer-led initiatives29.1.4 Impact of the First World War on work patterns29.1.5 The development of trade unions and collective action29.2 The World of Childhood0/029.2.1 Government legislation and the protection of children29.2.2 Philanthropic initiatives and employer action29.2.3 Educational change and expansion29.2.4 Cultural and literary influences on changing attitudes29.3 Josiah Wedgwood: China and Canals, 1759–870/029.3.1 Development and innovation in Wedgwood china29.3.2 The role of canals in industrial success29.3.3 Social conscience and anti-slavery activism29.4 Samuel Greg: Cotton and Cottages, 1784–18160/029.4.1 Founding and development of Quarry Bank Mill29.4.2 Labour management and social responsibility29.4.3 Significance for the Lancashire cotton industry29.5 Isambard Kingdom Brunel: Railways and Ships, 1833–590/029.5.1 The Great Western Railway and the Gauge Controversy29.5.2 Brunel’s engineering achievements and diverse innovations29.5.3 Economic and social impacts of Brunel’s work29.6 Herbert Austin: Creating and Adapting to Market Forces, 1905–280/029.6.1 The Longbridge Works, 1905–1829.6.2 Development and Success of the Austin 729.6.3 Economic and Social Impact of the Austin 7 and Car Ownership30. Poverty, Public Health and the State in Britain, c1780–1939Premium30.1 The Impetus for Public Health Reforms0/030.1.1 Public Health Problems Caused by Industrialisation30.1.2 Epidemics and Medical Reports as Catalysts for Reform30.1.3 Advances in Scientific and Medical Understanding30.1.4 Technological Advances and Urban Infrastructure30.1.5 Changing Attitudes of the Public, Press and Parliament30.1.6 Government’s Expanding Role, c1780–193930.2 Changes in Public Health0/030.2.1 Central Government Legislation and Public Health Acts30.2.2 Local Initiatives and Health Improvements30.2.3 Government Vaccination and Preventive Health Measures30.2.4 The Liberal Reforms and Early Welfare Measures (1906–08)30.2.5 Contributions of Key Individuals to Public Health30.3 Paupers and Pauperism, 1780–18320/030.3.1 Structure and Function of the Parish-Based Relief System30.3.2 The Problem of the Able-Bodied Pauper30.3.3 Outdoor Relief Schemes: Types and Evaluation30.3.4 Indoor Relief: Workhouses and Institutional Solutions30.3.5 Legislation Impacting Poor Relief30.3.6 Pressures and Arguments for Reform30.4 Less Eligibility: The Poor Law Amendment Act and its Impact, 1832–470/030.4.1 The Royal Commission of Enquiry and Its Findings (1832)30.4.2 The Poor Law Amendment Act 1834: Aims and Provisions30.4.3 Edwin Chadwick and the Implementation of the New Poor Law30.4.4 Workhouse Conditions and Outdoor Relief Practices30.4.5 Opposition to the New Poor Law: Key Movements and Figures30.4.6 The Legacy and Impact of the New Poor Law (1834–47)30.5 The Government, Self-Help and Charity, 1847–800/030.5.1 Reforming Central Poor Law Administration30.5.2 From the Poor Law Board to the Local Government Board30.5.3 Charity and Voluntary Action in Tackling Poverty30.5.4 Samuel Smiles and the Ideology of Self-Help30.5.5 Voices from Below: Henry Mayhew and Charles Dickens30.6 Social and Welfare Reforms: Pressure and Action, 1880–19140/030.6.1 Social Investigations and Growing Awareness of Poverty30.6.2 National Efficiency and State Intervention30.6.3 The Royal Commission on the Poor Laws, 1905–0930.6.4 The Liberal Welfare Reforms and their Significance30.7 Depression and the Dole: Poverty in the Inter-war Years, 1920–390/030.7.1 Economic Decline and the Persistence of Poverty30.7.2 Protest and Public Awareness – The Jarrow March and Hunger Marches30.7.3 Government Response to Unemployment and Poverty30. Poverty, Public Health and the State in Britain, c1780–1939Premium30.1 The Impetus for Public Health Reforms0/030.1.1 Public Health Problems Caused by Industrialisation30.1.2 Epidemics and Medical Reports as Catalysts for Reform30.1.3 Advances in Scientific and Medical Understanding30.1.4 Technological Advances and Urban Infrastructure30.1.5 Changing Attitudes of the Public, Press and Parliament30.1.6 Government’s Expanding Role, c1780–193930.2 Changes in Public Health0/030.2.1 Central Government Legislation and Public Health Acts30.2.2 Local Initiatives and Health Improvements30.2.3 Government Vaccination and Preventive Health Measures30.2.4 The Liberal Reforms and Early Welfare Measures (1906–08)30.2.5 Contributions of Key Individuals to Public Health30.3 Paupers and Pauperism, 1780–18320/030.3.1 Structure and Function of the Parish-Based Relief System30.3.2 The Problem of the Able-Bodied Pauper30.3.3 Outdoor Relief Schemes: Types and Evaluation30.3.4 Indoor Relief: Workhouses and Institutional Solutions30.3.5 Legislation Impacting Poor Relief30.3.6 Pressures and Arguments for Reform30.4 Less Eligibility: The Poor Law Amendment Act and its Impact, 1832–470/030.4.1 The Royal Commission of Enquiry and Its Findings (1832)30.4.2 The Poor Law Amendment Act 1834: Aims and Provisions30.4.3 Edwin Chadwick and the Implementation of the New Poor Law30.4.4 Workhouse Conditions and Outdoor Relief Practices30.4.5 Opposition to the New Poor Law: Key Movements and Figures30.4.6 The Legacy and Impact of the New Poor Law (1834–47)30.5 The Government, Self-Help and Charity, 1847–800/030.5.1 Reforming Central Poor Law Administration30.5.2 From the Poor Law Board to the Local Government Board30.5.3 Charity and Voluntary Action in Tackling Poverty30.5.4 Samuel Smiles and the Ideology of Self-Help30.5.5 Voices from Below: Henry Mayhew and Charles Dickens30.6 Social and Welfare Reforms: Pressure and Action, 1880–19140/030.6.1 Social Investigations and Growing Awareness of Poverty30.6.2 National Efficiency and State Intervention30.6.3 The Royal Commission on the Poor Laws, 1905–0930.6.4 The Liberal Welfare Reforms and their Significance30.7 Depression and the Dole: Poverty in the Inter-war Years, 1920–390/030.7.1 Economic Decline and the Persistence of Poverty30.7.2 Protest and Public Awareness – The Jarrow March and Hunger Marches30.7.3 Government Response to Unemployment and Poverty31. Britain: Losing and Gaining an Empire, 1763–1914Premium31.1 The Changing Nature and Extent of Trade0/031.1.1 Shifting Trade Patterns, 1763–191431.1.2 Key Trade Policy Developments31.1.3 Expansion of Strategic Trade Routes and Ports31.1.4 Changing Role of British Ports and Entrepôts31.2 The Changing Nature of the Royal Navy0/031.2.1 Evolution of Ship Design and Naval Technology31.2.2 The Navy’s Role in Commerce Protection and Suppression of Piracy and Slavery31.2.3 Exploration, Mapping, and Imperial Expansion31.2.4 Strategic Bases and Global Naval Reach31.3 The Loss of the American Colonies, 1770–830/031.3.1 Tensions Between Colonists and Britain, 1770–7531.3.2 Escalation to War and American Political Development, 1775–7631.3.3 British Defeat and Foreign Involvement, 1777–8331.3.4 Consequences and Impact of Defeat on Britain31.4 The Birth of British Australia, 1788–18290/031.4.1 Australia as a Penal Colony, 1788–181031.4.2 The Role of Lachlan Macquarie (Governor 1810–1821)31.4.3 Impact on Indigenous Populations, 1788–182931.4.4 Expansion and Economic Development, 1803–182931.5 Learning from Past Mistakes: Canada and the Durham Report, 1837–400/031.5.1 Political and Governmental Systems of Upper and Lower Canada31.5.2 The Canadian Rebellions of 1837–3831.5.3 The Durham Mission and Report, 1838–4031.6 Nearly Losing an Empire – The British in India, 1829–580/031.6.1 Structure of British Rule in India Pre-185831.6.2 Cultural Interventions and Social Reform Campaigns31.6.3 Causes and Course of the Indian Rebellion, 1857–5831.6.4 Impact and Consequences of the Rebellion31.7 The Nile Valley, 1882–980/031.7.1 British Intervention in Egypt, 188231.7.2 Egypt as a 'Veiled Protectorate'31.7.3 The Sudan Crisis and the Gordon Mission, 1884–8531.7.4 Conquest of the Sudan, 1896–9831. Britain: Losing and Gaining an Empire, 1763–1914Premium31.1 The Changing Nature and Extent of Trade0/031.1.1 Shifting Trade Patterns, 1763–191431.1.2 Key Trade Policy Developments31.1.3 Expansion of Strategic Trade Routes and Ports31.1.4 Changing Role of British Ports and Entrepôts31.2 The Changing Nature of the Royal Navy0/031.2.1 Evolution of Ship Design and Naval Technology31.2.2 The Navy’s Role in Commerce Protection and Suppression of Piracy and Slavery31.2.3 Exploration, Mapping, and Imperial Expansion31.2.4 Strategic Bases and Global Naval Reach31.3 The Loss of the American Colonies, 1770–830/031.3.1 Tensions Between Colonists and Britain, 1770–7531.3.2 Escalation to War and American Political Development, 1775–7631.3.3 British Defeat and Foreign Involvement, 1777–8331.3.4 Consequences and Impact of Defeat on Britain31.4 The Birth of British Australia, 1788–18290/031.4.1 Australia as a Penal Colony, 1788–181031.4.2 The Role of Lachlan Macquarie (Governor 1810–1821)31.4.3 Impact on Indigenous Populations, 1788–182931.4.4 Expansion and Economic Development, 1803–182931.5 Learning from Past Mistakes: Canada and the Durham Report, 1837–400/031.5.1 Political and Governmental Systems of Upper and Lower Canada31.5.2 The Canadian Rebellions of 1837–3831.5.3 The Durham Mission and Report, 1838–4031.6 Nearly Losing an Empire – The British in India, 1829–580/031.6.1 Structure of British Rule in India Pre-185831.6.2 Cultural Interventions and Social Reform Campaigns31.6.3 Causes and Course of the Indian Rebellion, 1857–5831.6.4 Impact and Consequences of the Rebellion31.7 The Nile Valley, 1882–980/031.7.1 British Intervention in Egypt, 188231.7.2 Egypt as a 'Veiled Protectorate'31.7.3 The Sudan Crisis and the Gordon Mission, 1884–8531.7.4 Conquest of the Sudan, 1896–9832. British Experience of Warfare, c1790–1918Premium32.1 Changes in Organising the Military0/032.1.1 Army Organisation and Reform, 1790–191832.1.2 Naval Organisation and Reform, 1790–191832.1.3 Recruitment of the Armed Forces, 1790–191832.2 Changes in Weaponry and the Role of the People0/032.2.1 Scientific and Technological Innovation in Weaponry32.2.2 Financing War: Public Contributions and Government Strategy32.2.3 Civilian Roles and the Home Front, 1790–191832.3 Britain and the French Wars, 1793–18150/032.3.1 The Land War and Wellington’s Role32.3.2 The Naval War and Nelson’s Role32.3.3 Economic, Industrial and Agricultural Impact of the Wars32.4 The Crimean War, 1854–560/032.4.1 Military Engagements and the Russian Threat32.4.2 Medical Conditions and Reforms32.4.3 Public Opinion and Media Influence32.5 The Second Boer War, 1899–19020/032.5.1 Nature of the British Army and Early Boer Successes32.5.2 Leadership and the Path to Victory32.5.3 Public Opinion and Humanitarian Response32.6 Trench Warfare on the Western Front, 1914–180/032.6.1 From Movement to Attrition: Causes and Adaptation32.6.2 New Technologies and Tactics32.6.3 Public Perception and Media Control32.6.4 The Role of Haig and Major Offensives32.7 The War in the Air, 1914–180/032.7.1 Aerial Reconnaissance: Observation and Intelligence32.7.2 Development of the Royal Flying Corps (RFC) and Air Combat32.7.3 The Home Front and Strategic Bombing32. British Experience of Warfare, c1790–1918Premium32.1 Changes in Organising the Military0/032.1.1 Army Organisation and Reform, 1790–191832.1.2 Naval Organisation and Reform, 1790–191832.1.3 Recruitment of the Armed Forces, 1790–191832.2 Changes in Weaponry and the Role of the People0/032.2.1 Scientific and Technological Innovation in Weaponry32.2.2 Financing War: Public Contributions and Government Strategy32.2.3 Civilian Roles and the Home Front, 1790–191832.3 Britain and the French Wars, 1793–18150/032.3.1 The Land War and Wellington’s Role32.3.2 The Naval War and Nelson’s Role32.3.3 Economic, Industrial and Agricultural Impact of the Wars32.4 The Crimean War, 1854–560/032.4.1 Military Engagements and the Russian Threat32.4.2 Medical Conditions and Reforms32.4.3 Public Opinion and Media Influence32.5 The Second Boer War, 1899–19020/032.5.1 Nature of the British Army and Early Boer Successes32.5.2 Leadership and the Path to Victory32.5.3 Public Opinion and Humanitarian Response32.6 Trench Warfare on the Western Front, 1914–180/032.6.1 From Movement to Attrition: Causes and Adaptation32.6.2 New Technologies and Tactics32.6.3 Public Perception and Media Control32.6.4 The Role of Haig and Major Offensives32.7 The War in the Air, 1914–180/032.7.1 Aerial Reconnaissance: Observation and Intelligence32.7.2 Development of the Royal Flying Corps (RFC) and Air Combat32.7.3 The Home Front and Strategic Bombing33. Protest, Agitation and Parliamentary Reform in Britain, c1780–1928Premium33.1 Reform of Parliament0/033.1.1 The Franchise in 1780 and its Limitations33.1.2 Early Pressures for Change and Resistance, 1780–183233.1.3 The First Reform Act, 183233.1.4 Further Reform Acts, 1867 and 188433.1.5 Electoral Reforms and Integrity of the System33.1.6 The Reform Acts of 1918 and 192833.1.7 Extent of Reform by 192833.2 Changing Influences in Parliament: The Impact of Parliamentary Reform0/033.2.1 Influence of the Crown and Aristocracy in 178033.2.2 Declining Aristocratic and Royal Influence, 1780–192833.2.3 Evolution of Political Parties and Parliamentary Role, c1780–192833.2.4 Expansion of Party Membership and Organisation33.2.5 The Rise and Impact of the Labour Party33.2.6 Social Composition of the House of Commons33.3 Radical Reformers, c1790–18190/033.3.1 Extra-Parliamentary Protest: Groups, Aims and Tactics33.3.2 Impact and Success of Radical Movements by 181933.3.3 Government Response and Repression33.3.4 Role of Key Radical Figures and Their Influence33.4 Chartism, c1838–c18500/033.4.1 The Aims and Actions of Chartism33.4.2 Leadership and Divisions within the Movement33.4.3 Reasons for Failure by 185033.4.4 Fluctuating Support Among Social Groups33.4.5 Government Response and State Action33.4.6 The Role of Railways in Suppression33.5 Contagious Diseases Acts and the Campaign for Their Repeal, 1862–860/033.5.1 Introduction of the Contagious Diseases Acts33.5.2 Social Impact and Controversy33.5.3 The Campaign for Repeal and Key Figures33.5.4 Reasons for Repeal and Significance33.6 The Women’s Social and Political Union, 1903–140/033.6.1 Founding and Organisation of the WSPU33.6.2 Tactics and Public Actions of the WSPU33.6.3 The Roles of Key Individuals33.6.4 Government and Parliamentary Responses33.6.5 Assessment of WSPU’s Success by 191433.7 Trades Union Militancy, 1915–270/033.7.1 Key Individuals and Labour Leadership33.7.2 Glasgow Rent Strike (1915) and 40-Hour Strike (1919)33.7.3 Union Revival and Structural Changes Post-WWI33.7.4 The General Strike, 192633.7.5 Aftermath: The Trades Disputes Act (1927)33. Protest, Agitation and Parliamentary Reform in Britain, c1780–1928Premium33.1 Reform of Parliament0/033.1.1 The Franchise in 1780 and its Limitations33.1.2 Early Pressures for Change and Resistance, 1780–183233.1.3 The First Reform Act, 183233.1.4 Further Reform Acts, 1867 and 188433.1.5 Electoral Reforms and Integrity of the System33.1.6 The Reform Acts of 1918 and 192833.1.7 Extent of Reform by 192833.2 Changing Influences in Parliament: The Impact of Parliamentary Reform0/033.2.1 Influence of the Crown and Aristocracy in 178033.2.2 Declining Aristocratic and Royal Influence, 1780–192833.2.3 Evolution of Political Parties and Parliamentary Role, c1780–192833.2.4 Expansion of Party Membership and Organisation33.2.5 The Rise and Impact of the Labour Party33.2.6 Social Composition of the House of Commons33.3 Radical Reformers, c1790–18190/033.3.1 Extra-Parliamentary Protest: Groups, Aims and Tactics33.3.2 Impact and Success of Radical Movements by 181933.3.3 Government Response and Repression33.3.4 Role of Key Radical Figures and Their Influence33.4 Chartism, c1838–c18500/033.4.1 The Aims and Actions of Chartism33.4.2 Leadership and Divisions within the Movement33.4.3 Reasons for Failure by 185033.4.4 Fluctuating Support Among Social Groups33.4.5 Government Response and State Action33.4.6 The Role of Railways in Suppression33.5 Contagious Diseases Acts and the Campaign for Their Repeal, 1862–860/033.5.1 Introduction of the Contagious Diseases Acts33.5.2 Social Impact and Controversy33.5.3 The Campaign for Repeal and Key Figures33.5.4 Reasons for Repeal and Significance33.6 The Women’s Social and Political Union, 1903–140/033.6.1 Founding and Organisation of the WSPU33.6.2 Tactics and Public Actions of the WSPU33.6.3 The Roles of Key Individuals33.6.4 Government and Parliamentary Responses33.6.5 Assessment of WSPU’s Success by 191433.7 Trades Union Militancy, 1915–270/033.7.1 Key Individuals and Labour Leadership33.7.2 Glasgow Rent Strike (1915) and 40-Hour Strike (1919)33.7.3 Union Revival and Structural Changes Post-WWI33.7.4 The General Strike, 192633.7.5 Aftermath: The Trades Disputes Act (1927)34. Ireland and the Union, c1774–1923Premium34.1 Irish Nationalism: From Agitation to Civil War0/034.1.1 Early Nationalist Movements and the Constitution of 178234.1.2 Catholic Emancipation and Daniel O’Connell34.1.3 Young Ireland and Fenianism34.1.4 The Home Rule Movement (1870–1910)34.1.5 Unionist Response and Escalation to Civil War (1910–1914)34.1.6 From Easter Rising to Partition (1916–1923)34.2 British reaction: from resistance to acceptance0/034.2.1 Changing Approaches to Irish Governance, c1774–180134.2.2 British Religious and Educational Reforms, 1801–184534.2.3 British Coercive Policies and Legal Interventions, 1846–188134.2.4 Gladstone’s Reforms and Conversion to Home Rule, 1868–188634.2.5 Later Home Rule Bills and Growing British Political Support, 1893–191434.2.6 British Response to Rising Violence and Irish Independence, 1916–192234.2.7 Shifting Attitudes of Key British Politicians34.3 Towards Emancipation, 1774–18300/034.3.1 The Penal Laws and Early Relief Efforts, 1774–179334.3.2 The Role of Daniel O’Connell and Catholic Political Mobilisation, 1811–182934.3.3 Passage and Impact of the Roman Catholic Relief Act 182934.3.4 Irish Trade Campaign and Economic Impact, 1778–178234.4 Industrialisation in Ulster, 1825–550/034.4.1 The Rise and Transformation of the Textile Industry34.4.2 The Growth of Shipbuilding in Belfast34.4.3 Key Industrial Figures: Hickson and Mulholland34.4.4 Impact on Working and Living Conditions34.4.5 Religious Disparities and Employment34.5 The Irish Famine, 1843–510/034.5.1 Structural Causes of the Famine34.5.2 Immediate Humanitarian Consequences34.5.3 Government Responses and Their Impact34.5.4 Economic and Social Consequences of Depopulation34.6 The Irish Land Issue, 1870–820/034.6.1 The Dublin Land Conference and the 1870 Land Act34.6.2 Agricultural Crisis and Social Unrest34.6.3 The Land War and the Irish Land League34.6.4 The 1881 Land Act and the Kilmainham Treaty34.7 Improving working and living conditions: trades union militancy in Ireland, 1907–140/034.7.1 Urban working and living conditions for unskilled labourers34.7.2 Formation and significance of early Irish trade unions34.7.3 The Dublin Lock-out and General Strike, 1913–1434.7.4 Role of British trade unions and legacy of the conflict34. Ireland and the Union, c1774–1923Premium34.1 Irish Nationalism: From Agitation to Civil War0/034.1.1 Early Nationalist Movements and the Constitution of 178234.1.2 Catholic Emancipation and Daniel O’Connell34.1.3 Young Ireland and Fenianism34.1.4 The Home Rule Movement (1870–1910)34.1.5 Unionist Response and Escalation to Civil War (1910–1914)34.1.6 From Easter Rising to Partition (1916–1923)34.2 British reaction: from resistance to acceptance0/034.2.1 Changing Approaches to Irish Governance, c1774–180134.2.2 British Religious and Educational Reforms, 1801–184534.2.3 British Coercive Policies and Legal Interventions, 1846–188134.2.4 Gladstone’s Reforms and Conversion to Home Rule, 1868–188634.2.5 Later Home Rule Bills and Growing British Political Support, 1893–191434.2.6 British Response to Rising Violence and Irish Independence, 1916–192234.2.7 Shifting Attitudes of Key British Politicians34.3 Towards Emancipation, 1774–18300/034.3.1 The Penal Laws and Early Relief Efforts, 1774–179334.3.2 The Role of Daniel O’Connell and Catholic Political Mobilisation, 1811–182934.3.3 Passage and Impact of the Roman Catholic Relief Act 182934.3.4 Irish Trade Campaign and Economic Impact, 1778–178234.4 Industrialisation in Ulster, 1825–550/034.4.1 The Rise and Transformation of the Textile Industry34.4.2 The Growth of Shipbuilding in Belfast34.4.3 Key Industrial Figures: Hickson and Mulholland34.4.4 Impact on Working and Living Conditions34.4.5 Religious Disparities and Employment34.5 The Irish Famine, 1843–510/034.5.1 Structural Causes of the Famine34.5.2 Immediate Humanitarian Consequences34.5.3 Government Responses and Their Impact34.5.4 Economic and Social Consequences of Depopulation34.6 The Irish Land Issue, 1870–820/034.6.1 The Dublin Land Conference and the 1870 Land Act34.6.2 Agricultural Crisis and Social Unrest34.6.3 The Land War and the Irish Land League34.6.4 The 1881 Land Act and the Kilmainham Treaty34.7 Improving working and living conditions: trades union militancy in Ireland, 1907–140/034.7.1 Urban working and living conditions for unskilled labourers34.7.2 Formation and significance of early Irish trade unions34.7.3 The Dublin Lock-out and General Strike, 1913–1434.7.4 Role of British trade unions and legacy of the conflict35. The changing nature of warfare, 1859–1991: perception and realityPremium35.1 Reporting and portraying war0/035.1.1 Technological advances and their influence on war reporting35.1.2 Case studies of major wars and reporting methods35.1.3 Changing forms of remembrance and portrayal in arts and media35.1.4 The evolving relationship between public perception, government control, and media35.2 Attempts to influence the public response to war0/035.2.1 Government strategies to shape public opinion35.2.2 Mechanisms of propaganda and censorship35.2.3 Public reactions and their consequences for war policy35.2.4 Role of charismatic leaders in shaping war sentiment35.3 Increased firepower and steam power, 1859–700/035.3.1 The role of railways and steam power in military logistics35.3.2 Increased firepower and technological developments in weaponry35.3.3 Military innovation and strategy: Von Moltke and Grant35.4 Technology of defence: machine guns, smokeless powder and artillery, c1900–160/035.4.1 Development and implications of smokeless powder and machine guns35.4.2 Impact of artillery developments on French and German war planning35.4.3 The technological causes of the failure of a war of movement in 191435.4.4 Verdun and the war of attrition: technology in practice35.5 Radios, the internal combustion engine and mobile warfare, 1917–19400/035.5.1 Impact of the internal combustion engine during the First World War35.5.2 Development and use of radio technology in WWI35.5.3 French military planning and Gamelin’s use of technology in 194035.5.4 German military planning and Blitzkrieg theory35.6 The War at Sea, 1917–45: The Impact of Submarines, Air Power and Complex Codes0/035.6.1 German Submarine Warfare, 1917–1835.6.2 Submarine Warfare in the Second World War (1939–45)35.6.3 Naval Intelligence and the Role of Codes35.6.4 The Use of Naval Air Power at Pearl Harbor (1941)35.6.5 The Battle of Midway (1942): Air Power and Command Decisions35.7 Air Power and Nuclear Weapons, 1943–910/035.7.1 Technological Advances in Aerial Warfare (1943–91)35.7.2 Strategic Bombing and Terror Bombing, 1943–4535.7.3 Strategic and Tactical Use of Air Power: Vietnam (1964–73)35.7.4 Tactical Air Power in the Gulf War (1991)35.7.5 Strategic Planning in the Nuclear Age35. The changing nature of warfare, 1859–1991: perception and realityPremium35.1 Reporting and portraying war0/035.1.1 Technological advances and their influence on war reporting35.1.2 Case studies of major wars and reporting methods35.1.3 Changing forms of remembrance and portrayal in arts and media35.1.4 The evolving relationship between public perception, government control, and media35.2 Attempts to influence the public response to war0/035.2.1 Government strategies to shape public opinion35.2.2 Mechanisms of propaganda and censorship35.2.3 Public reactions and their consequences for war policy35.2.4 Role of charismatic leaders in shaping war sentiment35.3 Increased firepower and steam power, 1859–700/035.3.1 The role of railways and steam power in military logistics35.3.2 Increased firepower and technological developments in weaponry35.3.3 Military innovation and strategy: Von Moltke and Grant35.4 Technology of defence: machine guns, smokeless powder and artillery, c1900–160/035.4.1 Development and implications of smokeless powder and machine guns35.4.2 Impact of artillery developments on French and German war planning35.4.3 The technological causes of the failure of a war of movement in 191435.4.4 Verdun and the war of attrition: technology in practice35.5 Radios, the internal combustion engine and mobile warfare, 1917–19400/035.5.1 Impact of the internal combustion engine during the First World War35.5.2 Development and use of radio technology in WWI35.5.3 French military planning and Gamelin’s use of technology in 194035.5.4 German military planning and Blitzkrieg theory35.6 The War at Sea, 1917–45: The Impact of Submarines, Air Power and Complex Codes0/035.6.1 German Submarine Warfare, 1917–1835.6.2 Submarine Warfare in the Second World War (1939–45)35.6.3 Naval Intelligence and the Role of Codes35.6.4 The Use of Naval Air Power at Pearl Harbor (1941)35.6.5 The Battle of Midway (1942): Air Power and Command Decisions35.7 Air Power and Nuclear Weapons, 1943–910/035.7.1 Technological Advances in Aerial Warfare (1943–91)35.7.2 Strategic Bombing and Terror Bombing, 1943–4535.7.3 Strategic and Tactical Use of Air Power: Vietnam (1964–73)35.7.4 Tactical Air Power in the Gulf War (1991)35.7.5 Strategic Planning in the Nuclear Age36. Germany, 1871–1990: United, Divided and ReunitedPremium36.1 Social Change in Germany and West Germany0/036.1.1 The Evolution of Social Classes, 1871–199036.1.2 Social Impact of the World Wars36.1.3 Social Mobility and Prosperity in West Germany, 1945–199036.1.4 The Changing Role of Women, 1871–194536.1.5 Women’s Lives in West Germany, 1945–199036.2 Economic Change in Germany and West Germany0/036.2.1 The Industrial Rise of Germany, 1871–191436.2.2 Economic Crisis and Instability, 1918–193236.2.3 Nazi Economic Policies, 1933–194536.2.4 Post-War Recovery and the Economic Miracle, 1945–196536.2.5 Economic Integration and Transformation, 1965–199036.3 Ruling the Second Reich, 1871–790/036.3.1 The 1871 Constitution and the Federal Structure36.3.2 The Role of the Reichstag and Party Politics36.3.3 Bismarck’s Political Strategy and Nationalism36.3.4 The Kulturkampf and Religious Conflict36.4 The Birth of Democratic Germany, 1917–190/036.4.1 War Strain, Military Dictatorship, and Political Dissent (1917–18)36.4.2 Constitutional Reform and Revolution (Late 1918–Early 1919)36.4.3 The Weimar Republic and Constitution36.5 A New Reich, 1933–350/036.5.1 Gleichschaltung: Nazi Coordination of Germany36.5.2 Hitler as Führer: Consolidating Personal Dictatorship36.5.3 State, Society, and Race in the Nazi Vision36.6 Establishing and Ruling the New Federal Republic, 1949–600/036.6.1 Creation of the FRG and the Basic Law36.6.2 Political Leadership: Adenauer, CDU and SPD36.6.3 De-Nazification and Vergangenheitsbewältigung36.7 Reunification: Recreating a United Germany, 1989–900/036.7.1 Collapse of the GDR and Mass Migration36.7.2 Revolution and Political Responses36.7.3 The Road to Reunification36. Germany, 1871–1990: United, Divided and ReunitedPremium36.1 Social Change in Germany and West Germany0/036.1.1 The Evolution of Social Classes, 1871–199036.1.2 Social Impact of the World Wars36.1.3 Social Mobility and Prosperity in West Germany, 1945–199036.1.4 The Changing Role of Women, 1871–194536.1.5 Women’s Lives in West Germany, 1945–199036.2 Economic Change in Germany and West Germany0/036.2.1 The Industrial Rise of Germany, 1871–191436.2.2 Economic Crisis and Instability, 1918–193236.2.3 Nazi Economic Policies, 1933–194536.2.4 Post-War Recovery and the Economic Miracle, 1945–196536.2.5 Economic Integration and Transformation, 1965–199036.3 Ruling the Second Reich, 1871–790/036.3.1 The 1871 Constitution and the Federal Structure36.3.2 The Role of the Reichstag and Party Politics36.3.3 Bismarck’s Political Strategy and Nationalism36.3.4 The Kulturkampf and Religious Conflict36.4 The Birth of Democratic Germany, 1917–190/036.4.1 War Strain, Military Dictatorship, and Political Dissent (1917–18)36.4.2 Constitutional Reform and Revolution (Late 1918–Early 1919)36.4.3 The Weimar Republic and Constitution36.5 A New Reich, 1933–350/036.5.1 Gleichschaltung: Nazi Coordination of Germany36.5.2 Hitler as Führer: Consolidating Personal Dictatorship36.5.3 State, Society, and Race in the Nazi Vision36.6 Establishing and Ruling the New Federal Republic, 1949–600/036.6.1 Creation of the FRG and the Basic Law36.6.2 Political Leadership: Adenauer, CDU and SPD36.6.3 De-Nazification and Vergangenheitsbewältigung36.7 Reunification: Recreating a United Germany, 1989–900/036.7.1 Collapse of the GDR and Mass Migration36.7.2 Revolution and Political Responses36.7.3 The Road to Reunification37. The Making of Modern Russia, 1855–1991Premium37.1 The Changing Status and Condition of the Peasantry0/037.1.1 Government Policy and Land Reform37.1.2 Living Standards and Rural Hardship37.1.3 Migration, Urbanisation and Social Mobility37.2 Agriculture and Productivity: Meeting the Country's Needs?0/037.2.1 Backwardness of Peasant Agriculture in the 19th Century37.2.2 Impact of Railways on Agriculture and Estates Pre-191437.2.3 Stalin’s Agricultural Modernisation Drive (1928–41)37.2.4 Khrushchev’s Reforms: Maize Mania and Virgin Lands37.2.5 Brezhnev and Gorbachev: Later Attempts at Agricultural Reform37.2.6 Feeding the Population: Success and Shortcomings (1861–1991)37.3 The Political Reforms of Alexander II, 1855–700/037.3.1 The Crimean War and the Case for Reform37.3.2 Military Reform37.3.3 Judicial and Local Government Reform37.3.4 Urban Government and Civic Reform37.3.5 Education and Censorship Reforms37.4 Revolution and Reform, 1904–060/037.4.1 The Russo-Japanese War (1904–05)37.4.2 Bloody Sunday and the 1905 Revolution37.4.3 The October Manifesto37.4.4 Repression and Counter-Revolution37.5 The End of the Romanovs and the Triumph of the Bolsheviks, 1916–180/037.5.1 Decline of the Romanov Regime and the February Revolution37.5.2 The Dual Power System and the Provisional Government37.5.3 Causes and Events of the October Revolution37.5.4 The Bolsheviks in Power, 1917–1837.6 Khrushchev and Attempts to Reform the Soviet System, 1956–610/037.6.1 Khrushchev’s Reform Vision and Leadership Style37.6.2 De-Stalinisation and the Twentieth Party Congress37.6.3 Administrative and Security Reforms37.6.4 Intellectual, Cultural and Religious Change37.7 Gorbachev and the Downfall of Soviet Communism, 1985–910/037.7.1 Causes of Reform: Crises Facing the USSR in 198537.7.2 Glasnost and Perestroika: Nature and Effects37.7.3 Resistance and Internal Divisions37.7.4 The Coup and the Fall of the Communist Party37. The Making of Modern Russia, 1855–1991Premium37.1 The Changing Status and Condition of the Peasantry0/037.1.1 Government Policy and Land Reform37.1.2 Living Standards and Rural Hardship37.1.3 Migration, Urbanisation and Social Mobility37.2 Agriculture and Productivity: Meeting the Country's Needs?0/037.2.1 Backwardness of Peasant Agriculture in the 19th Century37.2.2 Impact of Railways on Agriculture and Estates Pre-191437.2.3 Stalin’s Agricultural Modernisation Drive (1928–41)37.2.4 Khrushchev’s Reforms: Maize Mania and Virgin Lands37.2.5 Brezhnev and Gorbachev: Later Attempts at Agricultural Reform37.2.6 Feeding the Population: Success and Shortcomings (1861–1991)37.3 The Political Reforms of Alexander II, 1855–700/037.3.1 The Crimean War and the Case for Reform37.3.2 Military Reform37.3.3 Judicial and Local Government Reform37.3.4 Urban Government and Civic Reform37.3.5 Education and Censorship Reforms37.4 Revolution and Reform, 1904–060/037.4.1 The Russo-Japanese War (1904–05)37.4.2 Bloody Sunday and the 1905 Revolution37.4.3 The October Manifesto37.4.4 Repression and Counter-Revolution37.5 The End of the Romanovs and the Triumph of the Bolsheviks, 1916–180/037.5.1 Decline of the Romanov Regime and the February Revolution37.5.2 The Dual Power System and the Provisional Government37.5.3 Causes and Events of the October Revolution37.5.4 The Bolsheviks in Power, 1917–1837.6 Khrushchev and Attempts to Reform the Soviet System, 1956–610/037.6.1 Khrushchev’s Reform Vision and Leadership Style37.6.2 De-Stalinisation and the Twentieth Party Congress37.6.3 Administrative and Security Reforms37.6.4 Intellectual, Cultural and Religious Change37.7 Gorbachev and the Downfall of Soviet Communism, 1985–910/037.7.1 Causes of Reform: Crises Facing the USSR in 198537.7.2 Glasnost and Perestroika: Nature and Effects37.7.3 Resistance and Internal Divisions37.7.4 The Coup and the Fall of the Communist Party38. The Making of Modern China, 1860–1997Premium38.1 The Growth of Industry0/038.1.1 Western Technology and Infrastructure Development (1860–1949)38.1.2 Air and Transport Developments in the 20th Century38.1.3 Growth of Mining and Manufacturing (1860–1949)38.1.4 Industrial Expansion under the First Five-Year Plan (1953–57)38.1.5 Technological Innovation and Industry in the Digital Age (1978–1997)38.2 Ideologies and Individuals Behind Economic Growth0/038.2.1 Reformist Ideologies in Late Qing and Republican China (1860s–1930s)38.2.2 Ideological Shifts Under Mao Zedong (1949–1976)38.2.3 Economic Reform and Pragmatism Under Deng Xiaoping (1978–1997)38.3 Opening up China to Foreigners, 1860–700/038.3.1 The Treaty of Tianjin (1860): Terms and Consequences38.3.2 Treaty Ports, Trade and British Influence in Shanghai and the Yangtze38.3.3 Cultural Contact, Missionary Work and the Tianjin Massacre (1870)38.4 Defeat and Humiliation, 1894–19010/038.4.1 The Sino-Japanese War and Treaty of Shimonoseki (1894–95)38.4.2 The Triple Intervention and Foreign Concessions (1895–98)38.4.3 The Boxer Rebellion (1898–1900): Causes, Events, Consequences38.5 The Japanese Threat, 1931–410/038.5.1 The Manchurian Crisis and the Loss of Manchuria (1931–33)38.5.2 Outbreak of All-Out War: Marco Polo Bridge and the Battle for Shanghai (1937)38.5.3 Japanese Advances and War Atrocities (1937–39)38.5.4 International Context and American Involvement (1940–41)38.6 The Sino-Soviet Split, 1958–690/038.6.1 Causes of the Split: Ideological and Personal Rivalry (1958–60)38.6.2 Mao’s Strategic Concerns and the Escalation of Hostility (1961–68)38.6.3 Border Clashes and Military Confrontation (1969)38. The Making of Modern China, 1860–1997Premium38.1 The Growth of Industry0/038.1.1 Western Technology and Infrastructure Development (1860–1949)38.1.2 Air and Transport Developments in the 20th Century38.1.3 Growth of Mining and Manufacturing (1860–1949)38.1.4 Industrial Expansion under the First Five-Year Plan (1953–57)38.1.5 Technological Innovation and Industry in the Digital Age (1978–1997)38.2 Ideologies and Individuals Behind Economic Growth0/038.2.1 Reformist Ideologies in Late Qing and Republican China (1860s–1930s)38.2.2 Ideological Shifts Under Mao Zedong (1949–1976)38.2.3 Economic Reform and Pragmatism Under Deng Xiaoping (1978–1997)38.3 Opening up China to Foreigners, 1860–700/038.3.1 The Treaty of Tianjin (1860): Terms and Consequences38.3.2 Treaty Ports, Trade and British Influence in Shanghai and the Yangtze38.3.3 Cultural Contact, Missionary Work and the Tianjin Massacre (1870)38.4 Defeat and Humiliation, 1894–19010/038.4.1 The Sino-Japanese War and Treaty of Shimonoseki (1894–95)38.4.2 The Triple Intervention and Foreign Concessions (1895–98)38.4.3 The Boxer Rebellion (1898–1900): Causes, Events, Consequences38.5 The Japanese Threat, 1931–410/038.5.1 The Manchurian Crisis and the Loss of Manchuria (1931–33)38.5.2 Outbreak of All-Out War: Marco Polo Bridge and the Battle for Shanghai (1937)38.5.3 Japanese Advances and War Atrocities (1937–39)38.5.4 International Context and American Involvement (1940–41)38.6 The Sino-Soviet Split, 1958–690/038.6.1 Causes of the Split: Ideological and Personal Rivalry (1958–60)38.6.2 Mao’s Strategic Concerns and the Escalation of Hostility (1961–68)38.6.3 Border Clashes and Military Confrontation (1969)39. Civil Rights and Race Relations in the USA, 1850–2009Premium39.1 The Changing Geography of Civil Rights Issues0/039.1.1 Migration Patterns of Black Americans (1850–2009)39.1.2 Patterns of Settlement and Urban Segregation (1900–70)39.1.3 White Flight, Suburbanisation, and Southern Change (1945–2009)39.2 Changing Portrayal of Civil Rights Issues in Fiction and Film0/039.2.1 Literature and the Changing Narrative of Race (1850–2009)39.2.2 Visual Media and Racial Imagery (1850–1967)39.2.3 Black Representation and Race in Film and Television (1977–2009)39.3 ‘Free at Last’, 1865–770/039.3.1 The Thirteenth Amendment and Post-Slavery Realities (1865–66)39.3.2 Radical Reconstruction and Federal Action (1867–77)39.3.3 White Backlash and the End of Reconstruction (1868–77)39.4 The Triumph of ‘Jim Crow’, 1883–c19000/039.4.1 The Civil Rights Cases of 1883 and the Erosion of Federal Protection39.4.2 The Spread of Jim Crow Laws and Black Voter Suppression39.4.3 Supreme Court Endorsement of Segregation and Discrimination39.5 The New Deal and Race Relations, 1933–410/039.5.1 Southern Democrat Power and Political Limitations39.5.2 New Deal Programmes: Discrimination and Opportunity39.5.3 Social and Political Shifts Among Black Americans39.6 ‘I Have a Dream’, 1954–680/039.6.1 Civil Rights Campaigns and Leadership, 1954–6339.6.2 Federal Legislation and Johnson’s Role, 1964–6839.6.3 Radicalisation, Division and King’s Final Years39.7 Obama’s Campaign for the Presidency, 2004–090/039.7.1 The Rise of Barack Obama (2004–06)39.7.2 The 2008 Democratic Primary Campaign39.7.3 Victory in the 2008 Presidential Election and Its Impact39. Civil Rights and Race Relations in the USA, 1850–2009Premium39.1 The Changing Geography of Civil Rights Issues0/039.1.1 Migration Patterns of Black Americans (1850–2009)39.1.2 Patterns of Settlement and Urban Segregation (1900–70)39.1.3 White Flight, Suburbanisation, and Southern Change (1945–2009)39.2 Changing Portrayal of Civil Rights Issues in Fiction and Film0/039.2.1 Literature and the Changing Narrative of Race (1850–2009)39.2.2 Visual Media and Racial Imagery (1850–1967)39.2.3 Black Representation and Race in Film and Television (1977–2009)39.3 ‘Free at Last’, 1865–770/039.3.1 The Thirteenth Amendment and Post-Slavery Realities (1865–66)39.3.2 Radical Reconstruction and Federal Action (1867–77)39.3.3 White Backlash and the End of Reconstruction (1868–77)39.4 The Triumph of ‘Jim Crow’, 1883–c19000/039.4.1 The Civil Rights Cases of 1883 and the Erosion of Federal Protection39.4.2 The Spread of Jim Crow Laws and Black Voter Suppression39.4.3 Supreme Court Endorsement of Segregation and Discrimination39.5 The New Deal and Race Relations, 1933–410/039.5.1 Southern Democrat Power and Political Limitations39.5.2 New Deal Programmes: Discrimination and Opportunity39.5.3 Social and Political Shifts Among Black Americans39.6 ‘I Have a Dream’, 1954–680/039.6.1 Civil Rights Campaigns and Leadership, 1954–6339.6.2 Federal Legislation and Johnson’s Role, 1964–6839.6.3 Radicalisation, Division and King’s Final Years39.7 Obama’s Campaign for the Presidency, 2004–090/039.7.1 The Rise of Barack Obama (2004–06)39.7.2 The 2008 Democratic Primary Campaign39.7.3 Victory in the 2008 Presidential Election and Its Impact40. Mass Media and Social Change in Britain, 1882–2004Premium40.1 Changing Patterns of Women’s Lives within the Family and in the World of Work0/040.1.1 Changes to Women’s Personal and Family Lives, 1882–200440.1.2 Women's Participation in the Workforce, 1882–200440.1.3 The Role of Legislation, Activism, and Attitudinal Change40.2 Changing Patterns of Family Leisure0/040.2.1 Leisure Activities and Holiday Culture (1882–2004)40.2.2 Causes of Changing Leisure Patterns (1882–2004)40.2.3 Technology and the Transformation of Leisure40.3 The Age of the Press Barons, 1914–360/040.3.1 Northcliffe and Beaverbrook: Influence on Politics and War40.3.2 Rothermere: Empire Building and Political Extremism40.3.3 The Daily Herald and the Socialist Press40.4 Wireless and the War: Propaganda, Information and Entertainment, 1939–450/040.4.1 Reporting the War: BBC, Censorship, and Churchill40.4.2 Broadcasting to the Home Front: Education, Entertainment and Morale40.4.3 Propaganda and Psychological Warfare40.5 Media in the Sixties: Satire, Image and Social Change0/040.5.1 Satire and Challenges to Authority40.5.2 Film, Television and Social Commentary40.5.3 Media Image vs. Social Reality in the Swinging Sixties40.6 The Thatcher Governments and the Media, 1979–900/040.6.1 Thatcherite Principles and Their Impact on Media Policy40.6.2 Promotion of Competition and Media Diversity40.6.3 Media Control, National Security, and Political Messaging40.7 The Labour Government vs the Media: The Problem of the Iraq Dossiers, 2002–040/040.7.1 The Iraq Dossiers and Early Media Coverage40.7.2 Government–BBC Confrontation and the Dr Kelly Affair40.7.3 The Hutton Inquiry and Its Implications40. Mass Media and Social Change in Britain, 1882–2004Premium40.1 Changing Patterns of Women’s Lives within the Family and in the World of Work0/040.1.1 Changes to Women’s Personal and Family Lives, 1882–200440.1.2 Women's Participation in the Workforce, 1882–200440.1.3 The Role of Legislation, Activism, and Attitudinal Change40.2 Changing Patterns of Family Leisure0/040.2.1 Leisure Activities and Holiday Culture (1882–2004)40.2.2 Causes of Changing Leisure Patterns (1882–2004)40.2.3 Technology and the Transformation of Leisure40.3 The Age of the Press Barons, 1914–360/040.3.1 Northcliffe and Beaverbrook: Influence on Politics and War40.3.2 Rothermere: Empire Building and Political Extremism40.3.3 The Daily Herald and the Socialist Press40.4 Wireless and the War: Propaganda, Information and Entertainment, 1939–450/040.4.1 Reporting the War: BBC, Censorship, and Churchill40.4.2 Broadcasting to the Home Front: Education, Entertainment and Morale40.4.3 Propaganda and Psychological Warfare40.5 Media in the Sixties: Satire, Image and Social Change0/040.5.1 Satire and Challenges to Authority40.5.2 Film, Television and Social Commentary40.5.3 Media Image vs. Social Reality in the Swinging Sixties40.6 The Thatcher Governments and the Media, 1979–900/040.6.1 Thatcherite Principles and Their Impact on Media Policy40.6.2 Promotion of Competition and Media Diversity40.6.3 Media Control, National Security, and Political Messaging40.7 The Labour Government vs the Media: The Problem of the Iraq Dossiers, 2002–040/040.7.1 The Iraq Dossiers and Early Media Coverage40.7.2 Government–BBC Confrontation and the Dr Kelly Affair40.7.3 The Hutton Inquiry and Its Implications
