How did Norman rule impact the English economy?

The Norman rule significantly transformed the English economy through land redistribution, feudalism, and changes in trade and taxation.

When William the Conqueror became King of England in 1066, he introduced the feudal system, which had a profound impact on the economy. Under this system, the king owned all the land and granted it to his most loyal supporters, the barons, in exchange for military service. The barons, in turn, distributed land to knights, who also provided military service. This hierarchical structure ensured that land was the primary source of wealth and power, and it tied economic activity closely to the feudal obligations.

One of the most significant economic changes was the redistribution of land. Before the Norman Conquest, land was held by a mix of Anglo-Saxon nobles and free peasants. After the conquest, much of this land was confiscated and given to Norman lords. This shift not only altered the ownership of land but also changed the way it was managed. The Normans introduced more efficient agricultural practices, such as the three-field system, which increased productivity and, consequently, the wealth generated from the land.

The Domesday Book, commissioned by William in 1085, was another crucial economic tool. This extensive survey recorded the assets and resources of the kingdom, allowing for more effective taxation. By knowing exactly what was owned and by whom, the Normans could levy taxes more efficiently, increasing royal revenue. This money was used to build castles, churches, and other infrastructure, further stimulating economic activity.

Trade also saw changes under Norman rule. The Normans established stronger connections with continental Europe, particularly France, which led to an increase in the exchange of goods and ideas. Ports and market towns grew in importance, and the introduction of new coinage helped standardise trade practices.

In summary, the Norman rule reshaped the English economy through land redistribution, the implementation of the feudal system, improved agricultural practices, efficient taxation, and enhanced trade connections. These changes laid the foundation for the economic development of medieval England.