How does the structure of graphene differ from graphite?

Graphene is a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice, while graphite is composed of multiple layers of graphene.

Graphene is a two-dimensional material, consisting of a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice. This structure gives graphene its unique properties, such as its exceptional strength and conductivity. Each carbon atom in graphene is covalently bonded to three other carbon atoms, forming a flat sheet. The fourth electron of each carbon atom is free to move across the entire sheet, which contributes to graphene's excellent electrical conductivity. For a deeper understanding of such arrangements, explore the giant covalent structures.

On the other hand, graphite is a three-dimensional material composed of multiple layers of graphene stacked on top of each other. The layers are held together by weak van der Waals forces, which allow the layers to slide over each other easily. This is why graphite is used as a lubricant and in pencils, as the layers can easily slide off onto a surface. Each layer of graphite is identical to a layer of graphene, but the properties of the bulk material are very different due to the interactions between the layers. To learn more about these interactions, visit the page on van der Waals forces.

In terms of their physical properties, graphene is transparent, incredibly strong and an excellent conductor of heat and electricity. It's often referred to as a 'wonder material' due to these properties. Graphite, however, is black and opaque, and while it's a good conductor of electricity, it's not as good as graphene. It's also not as strong as graphene, but it's still quite robust due to the strong covalent bonds within each layer. Further details on the structural formation can be found in the section on lattice structure.

IB Chemistry Tutor Summary: Graphene is a single, flat layer of carbon atoms in a hexagonal pattern, making it incredibly strong and a great conductor. Graphite, made of many graphene layers, is less conductive and not as strong, but still useful for things like pencils due to its layers sliding over each other. While graphene is see-through and amazing for technology, graphite is black and solid.