Did medieval wars lead to urbanisation or depopulation?

Medieval wars generally led to depopulation, although in some cases they indirectly contributed to urbanisation.

Medieval wars, like all wars, were destructive and often resulted in significant loss of life. This depopulation was particularly severe in areas that were directly affected by the fighting. For example, the Hundred Years' War between England and France (1337-1453) led to widespread devastation and depopulation in many parts of France. Similarly, the Crusades (1095-1291) resulted in the deaths of millions of people, both among the Crusaders and in the Middle Eastern territories they invaded.

However, it's important to note that war could also indirectly contribute to urbanisation in certain circumstances. This is because the disruption caused by war often led to significant social and economic changes. For instance, the need to supply armies could stimulate trade and industry, leading to the growth of towns and cities. In addition, the breakdown of feudal structures during times of war could free peasants from their ties to the land, allowing them to move to urban areas in search of better opportunities.

One example of this is the growth of Italian city-states during the Middle Ages. These city-states, such as Venice and Florence, grew in power and wealth during a period of almost constant warfare in Italy. The wars disrupted the old feudal order and created opportunities for trade and commerce, leading to the growth of these urban centres.

Similarly, in England, the Wars of the Roses (1455-1487) led to significant social and economic changes that contributed to the growth of towns and cities. The wars disrupted the old feudal structures and led to the rise of a new class of wealthy merchants and traders, who often lived in urban areas.

So, while the immediate impact of medieval wars was often depopulation, the longer-term effects could sometimes contribute to urbanisation. However, it's important to remember that these effects varied greatly depending on the specific circumstances of each war and each region.