How did Australian nationalism evolve by 1919?

By 1919, Australian nationalism had evolved through federation, participation in World War I, and the development of distinct cultural symbols.

The evolution of Australian nationalism can be traced back to the late 19th century, when the six British colonies in Australia began to consider the benefits of federation. The idea of a united Australia was driven by a desire for a common defence policy, a unified economy, and a national identity. The federation was achieved in 1901, marking a significant step towards Australian nationalism. This was the first time that Australia was recognised as a single entity, separate from Britain, and it fostered a sense of national pride and unity among Australians.

The participation of Australia in World War I further fuelled the growth of Australian nationalism. The war was a defining moment in Australia's history, as it was the first time that the country had been involved in a major international conflict. The bravery and sacrifice of the Australian soldiers, known as the ANZACs, were widely celebrated and became a source of national pride. The war also led to a greater sense of independence from Britain, as Australia began to assert its own foreign policy interests.

In addition to these political and military developments, the evolution of Australian nationalism was also influenced by cultural factors. The creation of distinct Australian symbols, such as the kangaroo and the Southern Cross, helped to foster a sense of national identity. The development of Australian literature, art, and music also played a role in shaping the national consciousness. For example, the works of authors like Henry Lawson and Banjo Paterson captured the unique Australian landscape and way of life, contributing to a sense of national pride and identity.

By 1919, Australian nationalism had evolved into a strong and distinct sense of national identity. This was driven by a combination of political, military, and cultural factors, which together helped to shape Australia's sense of itself as a nation. The federation, the experience of World War I, and the development of distinct cultural symbols all played a key role in this process.