How did British policy in Egypt evolve in the interwar period?

British policy in Egypt evolved from direct control to a more indirect influence, recognising Egypt's independence but maintaining strategic interests.

In the interwar period, British policy in Egypt underwent significant changes. At the end of World War I, Britain was in direct control of Egypt, having declared it a protectorate in 1914. However, the rise of Egyptian nationalism, marked by the 1919 revolution, forced Britain to reconsider its approach. In 1922, Britain unilaterally declared Egypt's independence, ending the protectorate status. However, this did not mean a complete withdrawal of British influence.

The 1922 declaration of independence came with reservations. Britain retained control over the Suez Canal, a vital trade route and strategic military point. It also kept control over Sudan and the defence of Egypt. This meant that while Egypt was nominally independent, Britain still had significant influence over its affairs. This was formalised in the 1936 Anglo-Egyptian Treaty, which allowed Britain to keep troops in the Suez Canal zone for the defence of the canal.

The British policy was driven by a combination of factors. Firstly, there was the need to maintain control over the Suez Canal, which was vital for Britain's global trade and military strategy. Secondly, there was the rise of Egyptian nationalism, which made direct control increasingly untenable. Britain had to balance these competing interests, leading to a policy of indirect control.

However, this policy was not without its problems. Many Egyptians resented the continued British presence and influence in their country. This led to tensions and occasional outbreaks of violence. The British were also criticised internationally for their continued interference in Egyptian affairs.

In conclusion, British policy in Egypt during the interwar period evolved from direct control to a more indirect influence. While Britain recognised Egypt's independence, it maintained control over key strategic interests. This policy was a response to the rise of Egyptian nationalism and the need to maintain control over the Suez Canal. However, it led to tensions and was criticised both domestically and internationally.