How did British policy in India change post-1858?

Post-1858, British policy in India shifted from direct rule by the East India Company to Crown control, emphasising administrative reform and conciliation.

The British policy in India underwent a significant transformation after the Indian Rebellion of 1857. The revolt was a major turning point, leading to the dissolution of the East India Company's rule in India and the establishment of direct British Crown control in 1858. This change was formalised by the Government of India Act 1858, which marked the beginning of the British Raj.

The new policy was characterised by a more conciliatory approach towards the Indian princes and the landed gentry. The Doctrine of Lapse, which had allowed the British to annex Indian states with no natural heir, was abolished. The British now sought to work more closely with the existing Indian elites, recognising their importance in maintaining order and stability. This was a significant shift from the previous policy of annexation and direct rule.

Administrative reforms were another key feature of the post-1858 policy. The Indian Civil Service was reorganised and opened up to Indians, albeit in a limited way. The British also made efforts to improve infrastructure, including the construction of railways, telegraph lines, and irrigation systems. These developments were aimed at modernising India and facilitating the efficient administration of the colony.

The British also sought to win the 'hearts and minds' of the Indian people through social and educational reforms. English was promoted as the medium of instruction in schools and universities, and Western-style education was encouraged. The British hoped that these measures would create a class of 'Anglicised' Indians who would be loyal to the British rule.

However, these policies were not without controversy. Many Indians resented the imposition of Western culture and the perceived undermining of traditional Indian society. Moreover, the limited inclusion of Indians in the administration was seen by many as a token gesture, reinforcing the notion of British superiority.

In summary, the British policy in India post-1858 was characterised by a shift from direct rule to a more conciliatory approach, administrative reforms, and attempts at cultural assimilation. However, these policies were met with varying degrees of success and resistance, laying the groundwork for the eventual struggle for Indian independence.