How did Qing Dynasty confront modernisation pressures?

The Qing Dynasty confronted modernisation pressures through a series of reforms known as the Self-Strengthening Movement.

The Qing Dynasty, which ruled China from 1644 to 1912, faced significant pressures to modernise during the 19th century. This was largely due to the increasing influence and encroachment of Western powers, which exposed China's military and technological inferiority. In response, the Qing court initiated the Self-Strengthening Movement, a series of reforms aimed at modernising China's military, economy, and education system.

The Self-Strengthening Movement, which lasted from 1861 to 1895, sought to blend traditional Chinese practices with Western technology and ideas. The movement was characterised by the slogan "Chinese learning for the essence, Western learning for the practical use", reflecting the desire to maintain Chinese culture while adopting Western practical knowledge. The movement focused on strengthening the military, modernising industry, and reforming the education system.

In terms of military modernisation, the Qing court established arsenals and shipyards to produce modern weapons and ships. They also sent students abroad to learn Western military tactics and technology. However, these efforts were often undermined by corruption, lack of centralised control, and resistance from conservative elements within the court.

Industrial modernisation was another key aspect of the Self-Strengthening Movement. The Qing court encouraged the development of industries such as coal, iron, and textiles, often with the help of foreign advisors. They also invested in infrastructure, building railways and telegraph lines. However, these efforts were often hampered by lack of funding and resistance from local elites who feared the disruption of traditional economic structures.

Educational reform was also a significant part of the Self-Strengthening Movement. The Qing court established new schools and universities, revised the traditional examination system, and introduced Western subjects into the curriculum. However, these reforms were often met with resistance from conservative scholars who saw them as a threat to traditional Confucian values.

In conclusion, the Qing Dynasty confronted modernisation pressures through the Self-Strengthening Movement, which sought to blend traditional Chinese practices with Western technology and ideas. However, these efforts were often undermined by corruption, lack of centralised control, and resistance from conservative elements within the court.