How did the Zulu Kingdom’s economy change under Shaka’s rule?

Under Shaka's rule, the Zulu Kingdom's economy transformed from a subsistence economy to a militarised, cattle-based economy.

Shaka Zulu, who reigned from 1816 to 1828, was a visionary leader who drastically altered the economic structure of the Zulu Kingdom. Prior to his rule, the Zulu economy was primarily based on subsistence farming, with families growing crops and raising livestock for their own consumption. However, Shaka recognised the potential of cattle as a form of wealth and a tool for consolidating power. He implemented policies that shifted the economy towards cattle herding, effectively creating a cattle-based economy.

Shaka's economic reforms were closely tied to his military strategies. He understood that a strong, well-fed army was crucial for his expansionist ambitions. Therefore, he introduced a system where cattle were used to support his military. Soldiers were rewarded with cattle for their service, which they could then use to acquire wives and increase their social status. This system not only incentivised military service but also ensured a steady supply of food for the army.

Moreover, Shaka introduced a form of taxation, where subjects were required to pay tribute in the form of cattle. This further centralised economic power in the hands of the king, allowing Shaka to maintain a large standing army and fund his military campaigns. The cattle-based economy also facilitated trade with neighbouring communities, as cattle were a universally recognised form of wealth.

However, this economic transformation was not without its drawbacks. The focus on cattle herding led to a decline in crop cultivation, making the Zulu Kingdom more vulnerable to droughts and famines. Additionally, the militarisation of the economy created a culture of violence and instability, as individuals and clans competed for control over cattle.

In conclusion, Shaka's rule brought about significant changes in the Zulu Kingdom's economy. He transformed it from a subsistence economy to a militarised, cattle-based economy, which played a crucial role in his military strategies and expansionist ambitions. However, this economic transformation also had its downsides, including increased vulnerability to environmental shocks and social instability.