Were there pan-African efforts in resistance to imperialism?

Yes, there were pan-African efforts in resistance to imperialism, particularly in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Pan-Africanism, a movement that seeks to unify African people or people living in Africa, into a "one African community", played a significant role in resistance to imperialism. This was particularly evident during the late 19th and early 20th centuries when Africa was under the control of European imperial powers. The pan-African movement was not only a political ideology but also a cultural and social phenomenon.

One of the earliest and most notable pan-African efforts was the establishment of the African Association by Henry Sylvester Williams in 1897. This organisation aimed to promote and protect the interests of all subjects claiming African descent, in British colonies and other places, especially Africa, by circulating accurate information on all subjects affecting their rights and privileges. The African Association later organised the first Pan-African Conference in London in 1900, which was attended by representatives from African and West Indian colonies.

In the early 20th century, the pan-African movement gained momentum with the rise of influential figures such as W.E.B. Du Bois and Marcus Garvey. Du Bois organised a series of Pan-African congresses around the world to address the issues of racism and colonialism. Meanwhile, Garvey's Universal Negro Improvement Association advocated for the return of the African diaspora to their ancestral lands.

These pan-African efforts were instrumental in fostering a sense of unity and solidarity among Africans and people of African descent worldwide. They provided a platform for the articulation of grievances against imperial rule and the formulation of demands for political rights and self-determination. They also played a crucial role in the decolonisation process in Africa, which gained momentum after World War II.

In addition to these organised movements, there were also spontaneous pan-African responses to imperialism. These included widespread resistance to land dispossession, forced labour, racial discrimination and other forms of imperial control. Such resistance often took the form of protests, strikes, rebellions and even armed resistance, reflecting a widespread desire for freedom, dignity and self-determination among African people.