Were there significant differences in city-states' government structures?

Yes, there were significant differences in the government structures of various city-states.

City-states, particularly those in ancient Greece and Italy, had diverse forms of government, reflecting the unique political, social, and economic conditions of each city. The two most famous city-states, Athens and Sparta, provide a clear example of this diversity. Athens is often celebrated as the birthplace of democracy, while Sparta is known for its militaristic oligarchy.

In Athens, the government was a form of direct democracy, where all male citizens had the right to participate in the assembly and vote on laws and policies. This was a radical departure from the norm, as most ancient societies were ruled by monarchs or small groups of elites. The Athenian system was not perfect, however. Women, slaves, and foreigners were excluded from political participation, and the city was often swayed by demagogues who could manipulate the emotions of the populace.

Sparta, on the other hand, was ruled by a small group of elites. Two kings, who were primarily military leaders, shared power with a council of elders. This council, composed of men over the age of 60, proposed laws and served as a kind of supreme court. The rest of the citizens, known as Spartiates, had the right to vote on these laws, but they had little real power. The majority of the population were helots, state-owned serfs who had no political rights.

In Italy, the city-state of Venice developed a unique form of government known as a merchant republic. The Doge, elected for life, was the head of state, but his power was checked by various councils composed of the city's wealthy merchant class. This system allowed Venice to become a major economic power in the Mediterranean, but it also led to a great deal of corruption and inequality.

In conclusion, the government structures of city-states were as diverse as the cities themselves. They reflected the unique conditions and values of each city, and they evolved over time in response to internal and external pressures. Whether democratic, oligarchic, or republican, each system had its strengths and weaknesses, and each left a lasting legacy on the history of political thought.