What caused the 1919 Egyptian Revolution?

The 1919 Egyptian Revolution was primarily caused by British colonial rule and the exile of nationalist leader Saad Zaghloul.

The 1919 Egyptian Revolution, also known as the First Egyptian Revolution, was a significant uprising against British colonial rule. The immediate trigger was the British authorities' decision to exile Saad Zaghloul, a prominent nationalist leader, and several of his associates. This action sparked widespread outrage and led to a series of protests, strikes, and civil disobedience across the country.

The roots of the revolution, however, lay in deeper issues. Egypt had been under British control since 1882, and many Egyptians were deeply dissatisfied with colonial rule. They resented the economic exploitation, political marginalisation, and cultural imperialism that came with it. The British authorities' heavy-handed response to nationalist activism only fuelled this resentment.

The First World War exacerbated these tensions. Egypt was declared a British protectorate in 1914, which further eroded its nominal autonomy. The war also brought economic hardship, as the British requisitioned resources for the war effort and imposed strict controls on the economy. This led to inflation, food shortages, and a decline in living standards, which hit the poor particularly hard.

The war also had a profound impact on Egyptian society and politics. Many Egyptians served in the British army or worked in war-related industries, which exposed them to new ideas and experiences. This helped to foster a sense of national identity and a desire for independence. The end of the war also created a sense of expectation, as people hoped that the peace settlement would bring greater freedom and justice.

The exile of Saad Zaghloul was the spark that ignited this volatile mix. Zaghloul was a respected figure who had been advocating for greater autonomy and was seen as a symbol of national resistance. His exile was seen as a direct attack on Egyptian sovereignty and dignity, which galvanised people into action. The revolution that followed was a mass movement that involved people from all walks of life, and it marked a turning point in Egypt's struggle for independence.