What characterised the rule of Napoleon III?

The rule of Napoleon III was characterised by authoritarianism, modernisation, and a pursuit of national glory.

Napoleon III, also known as Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte, was the nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte and ruled France from 1852 to 1870. His rule was marked by a strong authoritarian streak, which was evident in his seizure of power through a coup d'etat in 1851. He established the Second French Empire and declared himself Emperor, effectively ending the Second Republic. His rule was marked by a centralisation of power and a suppression of political freedoms, with censorship of the press and a crackdown on political opposition.

However, Napoleon III's rule was not just about maintaining power. He was also a moderniser who initiated a series of reforms and public works projects aimed at transforming France into a modern industrial nation. He is perhaps best known for his renovation of Paris, which was carried out by Baron Haussmann. This involved the construction of wide boulevards, parks, and public buildings, which not only improved the city's sanitation and traffic flow but also made it harder for revolutionaries to erect barricades.

Napoleon III also pursued a policy of national glory, seeking to enhance France's prestige on the international stage. This was evident in his involvement in the Crimean War and the Franco-Prussian War, as well as his attempt to establish a French empire in Mexico. However, these ventures were not always successful and ultimately contributed to his downfall.

In terms of economic policy, Napoleon III pursued free trade and launched ambitious infrastructure projects, such as the expansion of the railway network, which stimulated economic growth. He also introduced social reforms, including the right to strike and the establishment of workers' cooperatives, reflecting his belief in the principle of "social monarchy".

In conclusion, the rule of Napoleon III was a complex mix of authoritarianism, modernisation, and a quest for national glory. Despite his autocratic tendencies, he also introduced significant reforms and transformed the face of France, particularly Paris. However, his foreign policy misadventures and the economic costs of his modernisation projects ultimately led to his downfall.