What constitutional models did new democracies often emulate?

New democracies often emulate the constitutional models of the United States, France, and the United Kingdom.

The United States' constitutional model is one of the most emulated by new democracies. The US Constitution, drafted in 1787, is the world's oldest written constitution still in use. It is based on the principles of federalism, separation of powers, checks and balances, and individual rights. The US model provides a clear division of powers between the executive, legislative, and judicial branches, ensuring that no single branch can dominate the others. This model is attractive to new democracies as it promotes a balance of power and protects against the risk of authoritarian rule.

The French constitutional model, particularly the Fifth Republic established in 1958, is another popular choice. It combines elements of both presidential and parliamentary systems, creating a unique semi-presidential system. The French model provides for a strong executive branch, with the President holding significant powers, while also maintaining a parliamentary system that ensures legislative oversight. This model is appealing to new democracies as it offers a balance between strong leadership and democratic accountability.

The United Kingdom's constitutional model is also frequently emulated. The UK operates under an unwritten or uncodified constitution, which is not consolidated into a single document but is derived from several sources including statute law, conventions, and legal documents. The UK model is characterised by parliamentary sovereignty, the rule of law, and a constitutional monarchy. This model is attractive to new democracies as it provides flexibility and adaptability, allowing for gradual change and evolution over time.

In conclusion, the constitutional models of the United States, France, and the United Kingdom offer different approaches to democratic governance, each with their own strengths and weaknesses. New democracies often choose to emulate these models, or elements of them, in order to establish their own constitutional frameworks. However, it is important to note that the success of any constitutional model depends on the specific historical, cultural, and political context of each country.