What control measures were most effective in authoritarian states?

The most effective control measures in authoritarian states were censorship, propaganda, surveillance, and repression.

Censorship is a key control measure used by authoritarian states. It involves the suppression of information, ideas, or artistic expression that the government considers a threat to its power. This can be achieved through various means such as controlling the media, banning books, or blocking internet access. For instance, in Nazi Germany, the government controlled all forms of media and used it to spread its ideology, while in North Korea, the state controls all media outlets and restricts internet access to prevent the spread of information that could undermine the regime.

Propaganda is another effective control measure. It involves the dissemination of information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, to influence public opinion or behaviour. Propaganda can be used to glorify the state, demonise enemies, or manipulate public sentiment. For example, in the Soviet Union under Stalin, propaganda was used to create a cult of personality around the leader and to promote the state's socialist ideology.

Surveillance is a crucial control measure in authoritarian states. It involves the close observation of individuals or groups by the government to prevent dissent or rebellion. Surveillance can be carried out through various means such as wiretapping, spying, or the use of technology. For instance, in East Germany during the Cold War, the Stasi (state security service) kept extensive files on citizens and used informants to spy on the population.

Repression is a common control measure in authoritarian states. It involves the use of force or intimidation to suppress opposition. Repression can take many forms, including political persecution, imprisonment, torture, or even execution. For example, in Mao's China, those who opposed the Communist Party were often labelled as 'counter-revolutionaries' and subjected to severe punishment.

In conclusion, authoritarian states use a combination of censorship, propaganda, surveillance, and repression to maintain control over their populations. These measures are effective in suppressing dissent, manipulating public opinion, and ensuring the survival of the regime.