What factors influenced population growth or decline between 650-1400?

Population growth or decline between 650-1400 was influenced by factors such as disease, warfare, agricultural advancements, and migration.

One of the most significant factors that influenced population growth or decline during this period was disease. The most notable example is the Black Death, which swept across Europe in the 14th century and is estimated to have killed between 75-200 million people, causing a significant decline in population. Diseases were often spread through trade routes, and the lack of medical knowledge and understanding of hygiene contributed to their devastating impact.

Warfare also played a significant role in population changes. The period from 650-1400 was marked by numerous wars and conflicts, such as the Crusades and the Mongol invasions. These wars resulted in significant loss of life, which contributed to population decline. Moreover, the destruction of infrastructure and disruption of agriculture during wars often led to famine, further exacerbating population decline.

On the other hand, advancements in agriculture had a positive impact on population growth. The introduction of new farming techniques and tools, such as the heavy plough and the three-field system, led to increased agricultural productivity. This meant that more food could be produced to support a larger population. Additionally, the cultivation of new crops, such as beans in Europe, provided a more varied and nutritious diet, which improved health and increased life expectancy.

Migration was another factor that influenced population growth or decline. Large-scale movements of people, such as the Viking expansion from Scandinavia or the westward migration of the Slavs, led to changes in population distribution. Migration could lead to population growth in areas where migrants settled, but it could also cause population decline in areas that were abandoned or where the local population was displaced or killed.

In conclusion, population growth or decline between 650-1400 was influenced by a complex interplay of factors, including disease, warfare, agricultural advancements, and migration. Understanding these factors provides valuable insights into the demographic changes that occurred during this period and their impact on society and culture.