What led to the unification and expansion of Ethiopia in the 1800s?

The unification and expansion of Ethiopia in the 1800s was primarily driven by Emperor Tewodros II's military campaigns and modernisation efforts.

Emperor Tewodros II, who reigned from 1855 to 1868, played a pivotal role in the unification and expansion of Ethiopia. He ascended to the throne during a period of fragmentation and disunity, known as the Era of Princes or Zemene Mesafint. Tewodros II sought to end this era and restore the Solomonic dynasty's centralised authority, which had been weakened by regional lords' power struggles.

Tewodros II embarked on a series of military campaigns to subdue the regional lords and unify the country under his rule. He was successful in many of these campaigns, which significantly expanded the territory under his control. His military successes were partly due to his efforts to modernise the Ethiopian army. He introduced new military tactics and technologies, including modern firearms, which he obtained through trade and diplomacy with European powers.

In addition to his military campaigns, Tewodros II implemented a series of administrative reforms aimed at centralising power. He abolished the traditional system of land tenure, under which regional lords had significant autonomy, and replaced it with a system of appointed governors who were directly accountable to him. This reform significantly reduced the power of the regional lords and increased the central government's control over the provinces.

Tewodros II also sought to modernise Ethiopia's infrastructure and education system. He built roads and bridges to improve communication and trade between different regions of the country. He also established schools and invited foreign missionaries to educate the Ethiopian elite in European languages and sciences. These modernisation efforts helped to integrate the various regions of the country and foster a sense of national identity.

In conclusion, the unification and expansion of Ethiopia in the 1800s was a complex process that involved both military conquest and administrative reform. Emperor Tewodros II's efforts to modernise the military, centralise power, and improve infrastructure and education played a crucial role in this process.