What methods did Enlightened despots use to reform society?

Enlightened despots reformed society through implementing legal and social reforms, promoting education, and supporting the arts and sciences.

Enlightened despots, also known as benevolent despots, were rulers who embraced the principles of the Enlightenment, a philosophical movement that emphasised reason, individualism, and scepticism towards traditional authority. They sought to apply these principles to governance, leading to a range of reforms aimed at improving society.

One of the key methods used by enlightened despots was the implementation of legal and social reforms. They sought to modernise their states by introducing new laws and institutions that reflected Enlightenment ideals. For example, Frederick the Great of Prussia abolished torture, promoted religious tolerance, and reformed the justice system. Similarly, Catherine the Great of Russia issued a decree allowing limited religious freedom and attempted to modernise the legal code.

Education was another area of focus for enlightened despots. They recognised the importance of education in promoting Enlightenment values and fostering a more informed and rational citizenry. Joseph II of Austria, for instance, made education compulsory for all children and established a number of new schools and universities. These rulers also often supported the sciences, funding research and inviting scientists to their courts.

The arts were also heavily promoted by enlightened despots. They saw the arts as a means of cultivating a more refined and enlightened society. Catherine the Great was a notable patron of the arts, amassing a vast collection of artwork and commissioning numerous architectural projects. Similarly, Frederick the Great was a keen musician and patron of the arts, using his court as a centre for cultural and intellectual life.

In conclusion, enlightened despots used a variety of methods to reform society, reflecting their commitment to Enlightenment principles. Through legal and social reforms, the promotion of education, and support for the arts and sciences, they sought to create a more rational, tolerant, and cultured society.