What was the role of the papacy in exploration?

The papacy played a significant role in exploration by sanctioning voyages, resolving territorial disputes, and spreading Christianity.

The papacy, as the highest authority in the Catholic Church, had a significant influence on the exploration era. One of the key roles it played was in sanctioning and legitimising voyages of exploration. This was often done through the issuance of papal bulls, which were official decrees issued by the Pope. For instance, the papal bull 'Inter Caetera' issued by Pope Alexander VI in 1493, granted Spain the rights to conquer newly discovered lands in the Americas, provided they spread Christianity.

The papacy also played a crucial role in resolving territorial disputes that arose from exploration. The aforementioned 'Inter Caetera' bull, for example, drew a line of demarcation, granting Spain all lands to the west and Portugal all lands to the east. This was later formalised in the Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494, which was brokered by the Pope. This not only prevented conflict between the two major seafaring nations but also established a framework for claiming new lands.

Moreover, the papacy was instrumental in the spread of Christianity during the age of exploration. The Church saw exploration as an opportunity to convert indigenous populations to Christianity. Missionaries, often backed by the papacy, accompanied explorers on their voyages, establishing missions and converting locals. This was not only a religious endeavour but also a political one, as it helped to solidify the claim of European powers over newly discovered territories.

In conclusion, the papacy was a key player in the age of exploration. Through sanctioning voyages, resolving territorial disputes, and promoting the spread of Christianity, it significantly influenced the course and outcomes of this historical period.