What were the main features of Portuguese rule in Angola and Mozambique?

The main features of Portuguese rule in Angola and Mozambique were exploitation, forced labour, and cultural assimilation.

Portuguese rule in Angola and Mozambique, which lasted from the late 15th century until the mid-20th century, was characterised by a system of economic exploitation and forced labour. The Portuguese colonisers sought to extract as much wealth as possible from these territories, primarily through the cultivation of cash crops such as sugar, coffee, and cotton. This was achieved through a system of forced labour, known as 'chibalo', which required the indigenous population to work on Portuguese-owned plantations for little or no pay.

Another key feature of Portuguese rule was the policy of cultural assimilation. The Portuguese authorities sought to 'civilise' the indigenous population by imposing Portuguese language, religion, and customs. This was achieved through a system of education and religious conversion, which aimed to replace indigenous cultural practices with those of the Portuguese. This policy was not only a means of control, but also a justification for Portuguese rule, as it was argued that the indigenous population was 'uncivilised' and therefore in need of Portuguese 'guidance'.

However, the policy of cultural assimilation was not entirely successful. While some members of the indigenous population did adopt Portuguese language and customs, many others resisted, maintaining their own cultural practices and languages. This resistance was particularly strong in rural areas, where the Portuguese authorities had less control.

The Portuguese rule was also marked by a lack of political representation for the indigenous population. The Portuguese authorities maintained strict control over political power, with the indigenous population largely excluded from decision-making processes. This lack of political representation, combined with economic exploitation and cultural assimilation, led to widespread discontent and ultimately to the liberation movements that ended Portuguese rule in the mid-20th century.

In summary, Portuguese rule in Angola and Mozambique was characterised by economic exploitation, forced labour, cultural assimilation, and a lack of political representation for the indigenous population. These policies led to widespread resistance and ultimately to the end of Portuguese rule.