Which external rivalry was the most influential during the 16th century?

The most influential external rivalry during the 16th century was between Spain and England.

During the 16th century, the rivalry between Spain and England was the most influential external rivalry. This rivalry was primarily driven by religious, political, and economic factors. The Protestant Reformation in England and the Catholic Counter-Reformation in Spain intensified the religious differences between the two nations. The political rivalry was fuelled by England's support for the Dutch Revolt against Spanish rule, and Spain's support for Catholic plots against Queen Elizabeth I. Economically, the competition for colonial possessions and trade routes in the New World further exacerbated the rivalry.

The rivalry between Spain and England was marked by several significant events. The most notable of these was the Spanish Armada's failed invasion of England in 1588. This event marked a turning point in the rivalry, as it demonstrated England's naval superiority and marked the beginning of Spain's decline as a world power. Other significant events included the execution of Mary, Queen of Scots, which was seen as a direct challenge to Catholic Spain, and the English 'sea dogs' raids on Spanish treasure fleets, which were sanctioned by Queen Elizabeth I.

The rivalry between Spain and England had far-reaching consequences. It shaped the political and religious landscape of Europe, with England emerging as a Protestant power and Spain as a Catholic one. It also had a significant impact on the development of the New World, with England and Spain establishing colonies and trade networks that would shape the future of the Americas. Furthermore, the rivalry led to advancements in naval technology and tactics, as both nations sought to gain the upper hand in their maritime conflicts.

In conclusion, the rivalry between Spain and England was the most influential external rivalry during the 16th century. It was driven by religious, political, and economic factors and marked by several significant events. The consequences of this rivalry were far-reaching, shaping the political, religious, and economic landscape of Europe and the New World.