How do international perceptions of Bhutan's democracy influence its policies?

International perceptions of Bhutan's democracy significantly influence its policies, particularly in areas of human rights and economic development.

Bhutan, a small Himalayan kingdom, transitioned from an absolute monarchy to a constitutional monarchy in 2008. This shift was viewed positively by the international community, which saw it as a step towards greater political openness and democratic governance. However, the perception of Bhutan's democracy is not uniform across the globe, and these differing views have a significant impact on the country's policies.

Western democracies, particularly those in Europe and North America, often scrutinise Bhutan's human rights record. Concerns have been raised about the treatment of the Lhotshampa, a Nepali-speaking minority who were expelled in the 1990s, and the lack of freedom of expression and assembly. These criticisms have led Bhutan to make efforts to improve its human rights record, such as by signing international treaties and implementing reforms. However, progress has been slow and the country continues to face international pressure to do more.

On the other hand, countries like India and China, which have significant strategic interests in Bhutan, tend to focus more on its economic development. They see Bhutan's transition to democracy as an opportunity to increase trade and investment. This has led Bhutan to adopt policies aimed at liberalising its economy and attracting foreign investment. For example, it has eased restrictions on foreign ownership and reduced tariffs.

However, these economic policies have also been influenced by international perceptions of Bhutan's unique approach to development, which prioritises Gross National Happiness (GNH) over Gross Domestic Product (GDP). This approach has been praised by many as a model for sustainable development, but it has also been criticised for being too idealistic and not focusing enough on economic growth. In response to these criticisms, Bhutan has sought to strike a balance between promoting GNH and pursuing economic development.

In conclusion, international perceptions of Bhutan's democracy play a significant role in shaping its policies. Whether it's pressure to improve human rights or encouragement to liberalise its economy, Bhutan's policy decisions are heavily influenced by how it is viewed by the rest of the world.