How do non-state actors exert power internationally?

Non-state actors exert power internationally through economic influence, lobbying, advocacy, and by shaping public opinion.

Non-state actors (NSAs) are entities that participate in international relations, but are not affiliated with any established state. They include multinational corporations, non-governmental organisations (NGOs), and international organisations. These actors have a significant impact on international politics, despite not having the formal authority that states possess.

Multinational corporations (MNCs) exert power through their economic influence. They often have budgets larger than some countries, allowing them to impact economies globally. For instance, they can influence international trade policies and regulations to their advantage. MNCs can also exert power by threatening to relocate their operations, which can have significant economic implications for the host country.

Non-governmental organisations (NGOs) exert power through advocacy and lobbying. They often have a specific focus, such as human rights, environmental protection, or poverty reduction. NGOs can influence international policy by lobbying governments and international organisations. They also exert power by raising awareness and shaping public opinion on their issues of focus. For example, Amnesty International has been instrumental in advocating for human rights globally.

International organisations, such as the United Nations (UN) or the World Health Organisation (WHO), exert power by setting international norms and standards. They can influence state behaviour by offering or withholding resources, or by imposing sanctions. For example, the UN can exert power by deploying peacekeeping forces or by imposing economic sanctions.

Terrorist groups are another type of non-state actor that exert power internationally. They use violence and the threat of violence to achieve their political objectives. They can influence international politics by creating fear and instability, forcing states to respond to their actions.

In the digital age, non-state actors can also exert power through cyber activities. For instance, they can launch cyber-attacks on state infrastructure, or use social media to spread propaganda and influence public opinion.

In conclusion, non-state actors exert power internationally in various ways. Their influence is significant and continues to grow as the nature of international relations evolves.