How do states establish legitimacy in the eyes of the international community?

States establish legitimacy in the international community through recognition by other states, adherence to international law, and participation in global institutions.

Recognition by other states is a crucial factor in establishing a state's legitimacy. This recognition can take various forms, such as diplomatic recognition, where other states establish diplomatic relations with the new state, or de facto recognition, where other states interact with the new state as if it were a legitimate state, even if they do not formally recognise it. Recognition is often a political act, and states may choose to recognise or not recognise a new state based on their own interests. For example, many states do not recognise Taiwan as a separate state from China due to their political and economic ties with China.

Adherence to international law is another important factor in establishing a state's legitimacy. International law, which includes treaties, conventions, and customary international law, sets out the rights and responsibilities of states. By adhering to international law, a state demonstrates that it is a responsible member of the international community, which can enhance its legitimacy. For example, a state that respects human rights, refrains from aggression against other states, and fulfils its international obligations is more likely to be seen as legitimate than a state that does not.

Participation in global institutions can also help to establish a state's legitimacy. Global institutions, such as the United Nations, the World Bank, and the International Monetary Fund, play a key role in international relations. By participating in these institutions, a state can demonstrate its commitment to cooperation and multilateralism, which can enhance its legitimacy. For example, a state that actively participates in the United Nations, contributes to its work, and abides by its decisions is more likely to be seen as legitimate than a state that does not.

In conclusion, states establish legitimacy in the international community through a combination of recognition by other states, adherence to international law, and participation in global institutions. These factors are interrelated and often reinforce each other, creating a complex and dynamic process of legitimacy formation.