How has religion in Bhutan influenced its democratic transition?

Religion in Bhutan has significantly shaped its democratic transition by promoting peace, unity, and social cohesion.

Bhutan's transition to democracy has been unique and largely peaceful, largely due to the influence of Buddhism, the country's dominant religion. Buddhism, particularly the Drukpa Kagyu school, has been the state religion since the 17th century and has deeply influenced Bhutanese society, culture, and politics. The Buddhist principles of peace, compassion, and respect for all sentient beings have been instrumental in shaping the country's political landscape and its transition to democracy.

The Fourth King of Bhutan, Jigme Singye Wangchuck, initiated the democratic transition in 2006, a move that was in line with Buddhist principles of selflessness and serving others. He voluntarily abdicated the throne in favour of his son, paving the way for a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy. This peaceful transition of power, without any major conflict or power struggle, can be attributed to the Buddhist values of non-violence and respect for authority deeply ingrained in Bhutanese society.

Moreover, the constitution of Bhutan, adopted in 2008, reflects the influence of Buddhism in its emphasis on Gross National Happiness (GNH) over Gross Domestic Product (GDP). This unique development philosophy, rooted in Buddhist teachings, prioritises the spiritual, physical, and mental well-being of its citizens over material growth. The GNH index, which measures the happiness and well-being of the population, is a key tool in policy-making and governance, further illustrating the influence of Buddhism on Bhutan's democratic transition.

Religion also plays a role in Bhutan's electoral process. The monastic community, which comprises about 10% of the population, is not allowed to vote or participate in politics, maintaining a separation between religious and political institutions. This ensures that religious institutions remain non-partisan, contributing to the stability and integrity of the democratic process.

In conclusion, religion, particularly Buddhism, has played a significant role in Bhutan's democratic transition. It has shaped the country's political culture, constitution, and electoral process, promoting a peaceful and stable transition to democracy.