In what ways can state sovereignty be eroded?

State sovereignty can be eroded through international agreements, globalisation, intervention by other states, and non-state actors.

International agreements can erode state sovereignty as they often require states to comply with certain rules and regulations that may limit their ability to act independently. For instance, member states of the European Union must adhere to EU laws and regulations, which can supersede national laws. This can limit the sovereignty of member states as they are bound by the decisions made at the EU level, even if these decisions conflict with their national interests or policies.

Globalisation is another factor that can erode state sovereignty. As the world becomes more interconnected, states are increasingly influenced by global economic, political, and social trends. This can limit their ability to control their own affairs, as they must often adapt to these global trends. For example, the globalisation of the economy has led to the creation of multinational corporations that operate across national borders, making it difficult for states to regulate their activities.

Intervention by other states can also erode state sovereignty. This can occur through military intervention, economic sanctions, or diplomatic pressure. For example, when one state invades another, the invaded state's sovereignty is clearly violated. Similarly, economic sanctions can limit a state's ability to control its own economy, while diplomatic pressure can force states to change their policies.

Non-state actors, such as terrorist groups or transnational corporations, can also erode state sovereignty. These actors operate across national borders and can have significant influence over state affairs. For instance, terrorist groups can undermine state sovereignty by challenging the state's monopoly on the use of force. Transnational corporations, on the other hand, can influence state policies through their economic power.

In conclusion, state sovereignty can be eroded in various ways, including through international agreements, globalisation, intervention by other states, and non-state actors. These factors can limit a state's ability to control its own affairs and act independently.