What principles underpin the core definitions of human rights?

The core definitions of human rights are underpinned by principles of dignity, freedom, equality, justice, and non-discrimination.

Human rights are fundamentally based on the principle of respect for human dignity. This principle recognises that every individual, by virtue of their inherent humanity, possesses an intrinsic worth that must be respected and protected. It is this inherent dignity that forms the basis for the entitlement of all individuals to human rights, regardless of their nationality, race, religion, or any other status. The principle of dignity is reflected in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), which states in its preamble that "recognition of the inherent dignity...of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world."

The principle of freedom is another cornerstone of human rights. This principle asserts that all individuals should have the freedom to make choices about their lives without interference from others or the state. This includes the freedom of thought, conscience, religion, and expression, as well as the freedom from torture, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. The principle of freedom is enshrined in various international human rights instruments, including the UDHR and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.

Equality is a further principle that underpins the core definitions of human rights. This principle recognises that all individuals are equal in dignity and rights, and should be treated as such. It prohibits discrimination on any grounds, including race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status. The principle of equality is reflected in Article 1 of the UDHR, which states that "all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights."

The principle of justice is also central to human rights. This principle asserts that all individuals should have equal access to justice and the law, and should be treated fairly and impartially by the legal system. This includes the right to a fair trial, the presumption of innocence, and the right to effective remedy for violations of human rights.

Lastly, the principle of non-discrimination is integral to human rights. This principle prohibits any distinction, exclusion, restriction or preference based on any ground such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status, which has the purpose or effect of nullifying or impairing the recognition, enjoyment or exercise of human rights and fundamental freedoms. This principle is